Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a case-control study
E Danielle Rentz, Lauren Lewis, Oscar J Mujica, Dana B Barr, Joshua G Schier, Gayanga Weerasekera, Peter Kuklenyik, Michael McGeehin, John Osterloh, Jacob Wamsley, Washington Lum, Camilo Alleyne, Nestor Sosa, Jorge Motta, Carol Rubin
Volume 86, Number 10, October 2008, 749-756
Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of case patients with acute renal failure and control patients, Panama 2006
| Characteristic | Cases (N = 42) |
Controls (N = 140) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Female | 15 | 35.7 | 58 | 41.4 | |
| Male | 27 | 64.3 | 82 | 58.6 | |
| 18–24 | 0 | – | 2 | 1.4 | |
| 25–34 | 4 | 9.5 | 8 | 5.7 | |
| 35–44 | 1 | 2.4 | 2 | 1.4 | |
| 45–54 | 3 | 7.1 | 13 | 9.3 | |
| 55–64 | 8 | 19.0 | 45 | 32.1 | |
| 65–74 | 14 | 33.3 | 36 | 25.7 | |
| ≥ 75 | 12 | 28.6 | 34 | 24.3 | |
| Cocle | 7 | 16.7 | 4 | 2.9 | |
| Colon | 1 | 2.4 | 5 | 3.6 | |
| Herrera | 1 | 2.4 | 6 | 4.3 | |
| Los Santos | 0 | – | 3 | 2.1 | |
| Metropolitana | 16 | 38.0 | 69 | 49.3 | |
| Panama Este | 0 | – | 2 | 1.4 | |
| Panama Oeste | 5 | 11.9 | 21 | 15.0 | |
| San Miguelito | 10 | 23.8 | 28 | 20.0 | |
| Veraguas | 2 | 4.8 | 2 | 1.4 | |
| General | 34 | 81.0 | 100 | 71.4 | |
| Gastrointestinal | 36 | 85.7 | 54 | 38.6 | |
| Respiratory | 27 | 64.3 | 56 | 40.0 | |
| Urinary | 34 | 81.0 | 14 | 10.0 | |
| Neurological | 35 | 83.3 | 72 | 51.4 | |
| 32 | 76.2 | 17 | 12.1 | ||
| Age (years) | 65.2 | 16.6 | 63.6 | 14.7 | |
| Number of symptoms | 4.0 | 3.9 | 8.5 | 5.0 | |
| Serum creatinine level (mg/dl) | 11.1 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 1.8 | |
a General symptoms included self-reported fever, headache, loss of appetite, tiredness, dizziness, muscle pain and joint pain. Gastrointestinal symptoms included self-reported vomiting, nausea, diarrhoea, stomach pain and epigastric discomfort. Respiratory symptoms included self-reported cough, shortness of breath and expectoration. Urinary symptoms included self-reported oliguria and anuria. Neurological symptoms included self-reported difficulty in speaking, numbness, paralysis, weakness, loss of tactile sensation, loss of consciousness, convulsion, difficulty in swallowing and facial muscle weakness.