Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a case-control study

E Danielle Rentz, Lauren Lewis, Oscar J Mujica, Dana B Barr, Joshua G Schier, Gayanga Weerasekera, Peter Kuklenyik, Michael McGeehin, John Osterloh, Jacob Wamsley, Washington Lum, Camilo Alleyne, Nestor Sosa, Jorge Motta, Carol Rubin

Volume 86, Number 10, October 2008, 749-756

Table 2. Frequency of potential risk factors and odds ratios for the onset of acute renal failure for these risk factors in case and control patients, Panama 2006

Potential risk factor	Cases (N = 42)		Controls (N = 140)		Odds ratio^a(95% CI)
Potential risk factor	n	%	n	%	Odds ratio^a(95% CI)
Any pre-existing condition
Diabetes	15	35.7	40	28.6	1.62 (0.75–3.50)
Hypertension	30	71.4	76	54.3	2.75 (1.13–6.71)
Renal disease	12	28.6	19	13.6	2.49 (1.04–5.99)
Cardiovascular	14	33.3	39	27.9	1.23 (0.56–2.70)
Other	13	31.0	51	36.4	0.76 (0.36–1.61)
Any ACE inhibitor^b
Yes	26	61.9	34	24.3	5.39 (2.39–12.2)
No	16	38.1	106	75.7	Referent

ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval.^a Statistically significant findings are in boldface type.^b ACE inhibitors examined included enalapril, ramipril and lisinopril.