Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Coping with out-of-pocket health payments: empirical evidence from 15 African countries

Adam Leive, Ke Xu

Volume 86, Number 11, November 2008, 849-856

Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of variables included in the study of household coping strategies (selling assets, borrowing or both) in the face of health shock in 15 African countries

Variable Burkina Faso n = 4814
 Chad n = 4535
 Congo n = 2754
 Cote d’Ivoire n = 2980
 Ethiopia n = 4184
 Ghana n = 3886
 Kenya n = 4520
 Malawi n = 5276
 Mali n = 3969
 Mauritania n = 3277
 Namibia n = 4015
 Senegal n = 2819
 Swaziland n = 2670
 Zambia n = 4092
 Zimbabwe n = 4021
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Households selling assets, borrowing, or both 0.69 0.46 0.34 0.47 0.31 0.46 0.27 0.45 0.30 0.46 0.28 0.45 0.31 0.46 0.27 0.44 0.29 0.45 0.40 0.49 0.30 0.46 0.32 0.47 0.27 0.44 0.23 0.42 0.35 0.48
Household characteristics
Urban 0.16 0.36 0.22 0.41 0.91 0.29 0.67 0.47 0.13 0.34 0.45 0.50 0.41 0.49 0.15 0.36 0.32 0.47 0.54 0.50 0.33 0.47 0.47 0.50 0.29 0.45 0.34 0.47 0.34 0.47
Sizea 5.81 3.21 5.11 2.90 5.40 2.99 5.29 3.35 5.52 2.38 5.10 2.88 3.99 2.36 4.26 2.16 9.03 3.57 5.82 2.84 5.03 2.96 8.18 3.43 5.55 3.20 5.37 2.51 4.87 2.31
Household head characteristics
No primary school 0.83 0.37 0.66 0.47 0.13 0.34 0.38 0.49 0.42 0.49 0.37 0.48 0.10 0.30 0.22 0.42 0.76 0.43 0.61 0.49 0.30 0.46 0.64 0.48 0.25 0.43 0.15 0.36 0.11 0.31
Primary school 0.12 0.33 0.26 0.44 0.38 0.48 0.31 0.46 0.21 0.41 0.47 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.69 0.46 0.18 0.38 0.19 0.39 0.49 0.50 0.21 0.41 0.43 0.50 0.68 0.47 0.55 0.50
Secondary school or higher 0.04 0.20 0.08 0.27 0.49 0.50 0.31 0.46 0.37 0.48 0.16 0.37 0.42 0.49 0.08 0.28 0.07 0.25 0.20 0.40 0.22 0.41 0.15 0.36 0.32 0.47 0.17 0.38 0.34 0.47
Age > 60 years 0.22 0.42 0.19 0.39 0.19 0.40 0.21 0.40 0.22 0.41 0.29 0.45 0.14 0.35 0.17 0.38 0.52 0.50 0.30 0.46 0.30 0.46 0.43 0.49 0.30 0.46 0.18 0.39 0.26 0.44
Male 0.90 0.29 0.78 0.41 0.78 0.41 0.81 0.39 0.84 0.37 0.70 0.46 0.68 0.47 0.75 0.43 0.97 0.16 0.69 0.46 0.55 0.50 0.82 0.39 0.74 0.44 0.78 0.42 0.67 0.47
Hospitalization in previous year 0.13 0.34 0.12 0.32 0.15 0.36 0.13 0.34 0.05 0.21 0.20 0.40 0.14 0.35 0.19 0.39 0.08 0.27 0.23 0.42 0.16 0.37 0.14 0.35 0.09 0.29 0.18 0.38 0.11 0.31

SD, standard deviation.a Number of people living in the household.