Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries
Ellen Van de Poel, Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor, Niko Speybroeck, Tom Van Ourti, Jeanette Vega
Volume 86, Number 4, April 2008, 282-291
Table 2. Estimated stunting rates in children aged less than 5 years according to socioeconomic status
| Country | Prevalence of stunting by socioeconomic status quintilea (%) |
Average stuntingb (%) |
Concentration indexb,c |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | WHO | NCHS | WHO | NCHS | |||
| Benin | 43.78 | 45.38 | 39.98 | 34.96 | 27.35 | 38.61 | 30.37 | –0.15 | –0.13 | ||
| Burkina Faso | 48.44 | 46.96 | 46.49 | 40.20 | 27.45 | 42.98 | 38.56 | –0.15 | –0.15 | ||
| Cameroon | 44.19 | 43.42 | 38.85 | 31.25 | 19.20 | 36.49 | 31.68 | –0.21 | –0.21 | ||
| Central African Republic | 47.26 | 41.80 | 39.89 | 42.03 | 33.22 | 39.84 | 33.65 | –0.11 | –0.12 | ||
| Chad | 48.62 | 44.84 | 46.07 | 39.43 | 33.92 | 44.16 | 40.95 | –0.09 | –0.09 | ||
| Comoros | 46.11 | 47.08 | 41.45 | 37.97 | 26.47 | 40.53 | 33.77 | –0.15 | –0.19 | ||
| Côte d’Ivoire | 38.66 | 29.41 | 31.07 | 26.10 | 19.28 | 31.26 | 25.17 | –0.17 | –0.17 | ||
| Ethiopia | 60.94 | 55.04 | 58.23 | 54.07 | 42.27 | 56.91 | 51.22 | –0.09 | –0.10 | ||
| Gabon | 43.46 | 35.53 | 26.44 | 18.17 | 18.17 | 26.03 | 20.65 | –0.22 | –0.20 | ||
| Ghana | 45.11 | 38.27 | 40.42 | 30.42 | 20.01 | 35.62 | 29.43 | –0.19 | –0.19 | ||
| Guinea | 39.08 | 38.87 | 35.50 | 32.42 | 24.95 | 34.44 | 26.07 | –0.13 | –0.11 | ||
| Kenya | 43.18 | 39.34 | 35.48 | 27.98 | 22.87 | 35.90 | 30.56 | –0.17 | –0.16 | ||
| Madagascar | 53.90 | 54.72 | 59.96 | 58.15 | 50.51 | 56.06 | 48.34 | –0.00d | –0.01d | ||
| Malawi | 60.64 | 59.59 | 52.80 | 57.79 | 39.32 | 54.08 | 49.02 | –0.14 | –0.14 | ||
| Mali | 48.79 | 49.60 | 45.10 | 42.40 | 28.43 | 41.78 | 37.57 | –0.17 | –0.17 | ||
| Mauritania | 45.05 | 41.47 | 40.69 | 32.80 | 31.65 | 39.25 | 34.50 | –0.14 | –0.16 | ||
| Mozambique | 55.79 | 53.08 | 53.84 | 43.45 | 34.70 | 51.50 | 46.16 | –0.11 | –0.14 | ||
| Namibia | 33.10 | 31.68 | 23.87 | 18.45 | 25.00 | 28.07 | 22.64 | –0.13 | –0.09 | ||
| Niger | 50.81 | 49.09 | 46.26 | 49.30 | 36.53 | 47.05 | 41.08 | –0.08 | –0.09 | ||
| Nigeria | 54.30 | 50.13 | 49.55 | 36.33 | 25.20 | 43.19 | 38.41 | –0.25 | –0.25 | ||
| Rwanda | 52.34 | 51.60 | 51.52 | 47.00 | 31.88 | 47.21 | 42.37 | –0.14 | –0.15 | ||
| Togo | 37.45 | 34.25 | 30.05 | 25.88 | 19.03 | 30.37 | 21.72 | –0.16 | –0.14 | ||
| Uganda | 45.84 | 46.75 | 49.46 | 42.79 | 29.00 | 44.50 | 38.61 | –0.07 | –0.08 | ||
| United Republic of Tanzania | 48.17 | 48.22 | 48.22 | 44.22 | 23.91 | 43.63 | 37.05 | –0.15 | –0.16 | ||
| Zambia | 59.53 | 58.41 | 58.33 | 49.88 | 40.59 | 53.21 | 46.15 | –0.17 | –0.18 | ||
| Zimbabwe |
37.37 |
34.65 |
32.33 |
29.87 |
23.45 |
31.48 |
26.45 |
–0.11 |
–0.12 |
||
| Median |
46.69 |
46.06 |
43.28 |
38.70 |
27.40 |
41.15 |
35.77 |
–0.15 |
–0.15 |
||
| Bangladesh | 58.19 | 55.89 | 53.32 | 43.03 | 30.26 | 49.85 | 43.02 | –0.20 | –0.20 | ||
| Cambodia | 54.32 | 52.78 | 48.60 | 43.51 | 39.86 | 48.47 | 44.29 | –0.15 | –0.16 | ||
| India | 56.43 | 53.35 | 49.02 | 45.54 | 41.56 | 49.68 | 43.75 | –0.13 | –0.13 | ||
| Nepal | 63.76 | 63.40 | 58.92 | 47.08 | 42.01 | 56.46 | 50.51 | –0.19 | –0.18 | ||
| Pakistan |
61.91 |
62.94 |
53.58 |
49.13 |
35.98 |
54.12 |
49.59 |
–0.20 |
–0.24 |
||
| Median |
58.19 |
55.89 |
53.32 |
45.54 |
39.86 |
49.85 |
44.29 |
–0.19 |
–0.16 |
||
| Armenia | 25.08 | 26.01 | 14.88 | 14.01 | 12.45 | 18.36 | 13.00 | –0.12 | –0.09 | ||
| Egypt | 31.80 | 26.41 | 22.69 | 19.23 | 15.18 | 24.00 | 18.66 | –0.13 | –0.12 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 17.81 | 14.91 | 9.29 | 9.40 | 6.32 | 13.93 | 9.75 | –0.10 | –0.10 | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | 41.40 | 37.66 | 24.36 | 28.64 | 18.88 | 32.89 | 24.84 | –0.18 | –0.17 | ||
| Morocco | 34.87 | 26.06 | 20.07 | 16.68 | 16.02 | 23.28 | 18.18 | –0.18 | –0.17 | ||
| Turkey | 34.25 | 23.52 | 17.48 | 9.50 | 5.01 | 19.04 | 16.01 | –0.24 | –0.22 | ||
| Uzbekistan |
41.12 |
38.35 |
32.21 |
33.77 |
36.00 |
37.46 |
31.28 |
–0.07 |
–0.09 |
||
| Median |
34.25 |
26.06 |
20.07 |
16.68 |
15.18 |
23.28 |
18.18 |
–0.13 |
–0.13 |
||
| Bolivia | 48.50 | 39.71 | 29.68 | 22.87 | 14.29 | 32.43 | 26.38 | –0.31 | –0.29 | ||
| Brazil | 29.46 | 13.25 | 7.61 | 5.41 | 5.42 | 13.42 | 10.46 | –0.22 | –0.19 | ||
| Colombia | 25.14 | 17.19 | 13.89 | 10.59 | 6.39 | 15.70 | 11.52 | –0.15 | –0.13 | ||
| Dominican Republic | 21.11 | 13.51 | 12.44 | 8.28 | 7.45 | 11.76 | 8.85 | –0.12 | –0.10 | ||
| Guatemala | 68.45 | 67.75 | 64.23 | 43.06 | 25.46 | 52.80 | 46.37 | –0.42 | –0.42 | ||
| Haiti | 38.01 | 33.83 | 29.97 | 21.65 | 11.74 | 27.10 | 21.93 | –0.22 | –0.19 | ||
| Nicaragua | 42.16 | 31.73 | 22.14 | 12.05 | 9.46 | 24.67 | 20.13 | –0.30 | –0.27 | ||
| Paraguay | 28.52 | 24.60 | 20.84 | 11.00 | 7.17 | 18.20 | 13.92 | –0.20 | –0.18 | ||
| Peru |
54.91 |
43.00 |
24.91 |
17.00 |
14.36 |
31.29 |
25.42 |
–0.41 |
–0.38 |
||
| Median | 38.01 | 31.73 | 22.14 | 12.05 | 9.46 | 24.67 | 20.13 | –0.22 | –0.23 | ||
a Based upon WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS).b Derived using WHO and United States National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth standards.c Calculated as suggested by Erreygers.21d Social inequality is not significant at the 10% level.