Tobacco use among adults in Cambodia: evidence for a tobacco epidemic among women
Pramil N Singh, Daravuth Yel, Sovann Sinn, Sothy Khieng, Jaime Lopez, Jayakaran Job, Linda Ferry & Synnove Knutsen
Volume 87, Number 12, December 2009, 905-912
Table 4. Results of multivariable regression (including all variables listed) relating current tobacco use to selected demographic variables in a nationwide sample of 13 988 adults, Cambodia, 2005–2006
| All tobacco | Cigarettes | Chewing tobacco | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
OR (95% CI) |
|||||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Women only | |||
| Age in years | |||||||
| 18–25 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 26–36 | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 4.2 (2.8–6.3) | 2.3 (1.7–3.0) | 2.6 (1.4–5.0) | 5.7 (3.4–9.7) | ||
| 37–48 | 3.3 (2.6–4.2) | 10.1 (6.6–15.3) | 3.2 (2.5–4.0) | 3.6 (1.9–6.9) | 15.8 (9.1–27.3) | ||
| > 48 | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) | 30.8 (19.7–48.3) | 3.6 (2.7–4.8) | 4.5 (2.2–9.2) | 51.5 (29.8–88.9) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Khmer | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Cham | 1.8 (0.4–8.1) | 1.3 (0.3–5.4) | 1.7 (0.4–7.4) | 8.5 (0.6–119.6) | 0.7 (0.2–2.4) | ||
| Local tribea | 4.2 (1.7–10.3) | 3.7 (2.0–7.1) | 5.9 (1.7–20.5) | 9.0 (4.5–17.9) | 0.9 (0.3–3.2) | ||
| Otherb | 5.0 (2.1–12.0) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | 4.2 (1.8–9.7) | 8.8 (4.4–17.4) | 0.1 (0.04–0.3) | ||
| Religion | |||||||
| Buddhist | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Muslim | 1.0 (0.2–4.2) | 1.6 (0.4–6.2) | 1.0 (0.3–4.3) | 0.2 (0.01–2.2) | 3.2 (0.9–10.9) | ||
| Christian | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | 0.4 (0.4–1.6) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 0.9 (0.2–4.1) | ||
| Otherc | 1.6 (0.5–5.2) | 16.2 (5.1–51.4) | 0.2 (0.04–1.0) | 1.3 (0.5–3.1) | 0.1 (0.01–0.9) | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Never married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Currently married | 3.3 (2.3–4.7) | 1.5 (1.0–2.2) | 3.3 (2.3–4.7) | 1.6 (0.7–3.9) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | ||
| Divorced or separated | 5.4 (2.1–13.9) | 2.1 (1.3–3.6) | 4.8 (1.9–11.8) | 3.4 (1.2–9.3) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | ||
| Widowed | 2.9 (1.4–5.8) | 3.3 (2.1–5.2) | 2.3 (1.2–4.6) | 2.1 (0.9–5.0) | 3.0 (1.8–4.7) | ||
| Years of education | |||||||
| 0–6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 7–12 | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | ||
| 13–15 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | ND | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | ND | ND | ||
| > 15 | 0.3 (0.1–1.7) | ND | 0.4 (0.1–1.9) | ND | ND | ||
| Income per day in US$ | |||||||
| < 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1–2 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | ||
| > 2–3 | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | ||
| > 3 | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 1.1 (0.3–3.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | ||
| Occupation | |||||||
| No occupation | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Professional (non-health) | 1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 0.1 (0.02–1.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.6) | 0.6 (0.1–4.5) | ND | ||
| Physician | 0.5 (0.4–1.9) | NA | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | NA | NA | ||
| Midwife | NA | 3.8 (0.3–56.0) | NA | ND | 5.1 (0.4–72.0) | ||
| Medical or nurse assistant | 1.5 (0.2–10.3) | ND | 1.5 (0.2–10.1) | ND | ND | ||
| Traditional healer | ND | 2.1 (0.4–10.6) | ND | ND | ND | ||
| Technical | 1.3 (0.6–2.92) | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.9) | 0.6 (0.1–4.3) | 0.6 (0.2–2.5) | ||
| Clerical | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | ND | 0.6 (0.2–1.8) | ND | ND | ||
| Service | 0.7 (0.2–3.0) | 0.9 (0.2–5.0) | 0.7 (0.2–3.2) | 2.7 (0.3–28.9) | 0.43 (0.1–2.5) | ||
| Fireman or police | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) | 1.3 (0.2–7.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.3) | 3.0 (0.4–23.2) | ND | ||
| Sales | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | ||
| Tobacco farming or preparation | 6.4 (3.8–11.0) | 2.4 (1.5–3.8) | 4.6 (2.7–7.9) | 2.5 (1.2–5.3) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | ||
| Farming (agriculture or livestock) | 2.5 (1.6–4.1) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 2.5 (1.5–4.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | ||
| Labour | 1.9 (1.2–3.2) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 2.0 (1.2–3.3) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.8) | ||
| Trades or crafts | 1.8 (0.3–3.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 1.8 (0.9–3.5) | 0.7 (0.20–2.5) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | ||
| Armed forces | 1.8 (0.7–5.0) | ND | 1.9 (0.7–5.1) | ND | ND | ||
CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; ND, not determined.
a Indigenous hill tribes found throughout south-east Asia.
b Chinese, Lao, Thai, Vietnamese, other.
c Local or tribal religions (e.g. animism).