Neonatal mortality, risk factors and causes: a prospective population-based cohort study in urban Pakistan
Imtiaz Jehan, Hillary Harris, Sohail Salat, Amna Zeb, Naushaba Mobeen, Omrana Pasha, Elizabeth M McClure, Janet Moore, Linda L Wright & Robert L Goldenberg
Volume 87, Number 2, February 2009, 130-138
Table 3. Clinical and delivery variables for infants who died within 28 days postpartum and for those who survived in prospective study of neonatal mortality in an urban Pakistani population, 2003–2005
| Variables | Death within 28 days (n = 53) | Surviving infant(n = 1066) | RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%)a | No. (%)a | ||
| Gestational age at birth (n = 1119) | |||
| < 37 weeks | 31 (58.5) | 189 (17.7) | 5.8 (3.4–9.7) |
| ≥ 37 weeks (reference) | 22 (41.5) | 877 (82.3) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Birth weight (n = 1021) | |||
| < 2000 g | 6 (26.1) | 55 (5.5) | 5.6 (2.3–13.6) |
| ≥ 2000 g (reference) | 17 (73.9) | 943 (94.5) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Gender (n = 1055) | |||
| Male | 22 (46.8) | 521 (51.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) |
| Female (reference) | 25 (53.2) | 487 (48.3) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Place of delivery (n = 1121) | |||
| Home | 10 (18.9) | 218 (20.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) |
| Hospital or other health-care facility (reference) | 43 (81.1) | 850 (79.6) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Birth attendant (n = 1111) | |||
| Traditional birth attendant or other | 6 (11.5) | 175 (16.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) |
| Nurse, midwife or equivalent | 9 (17.3) | 256 (24.2) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) |
| Doctor (reference) | 37 (71.2) | 628 (59.3) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Mode of delivery (n = 1068) | |||
| Vaginal (reference) | 30 (63.8) | 830 (81.3) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Caesarean section | 17 (36.2) | 191 (18.7) | 2.3 (1.3–4.2) |
| Preterm rupture of membranes (n = 1116) | |||
| < 12 hours (reference) | 46 (90.2) | 1000 (93.9) | 1.0 (NA) |
| 12–24 hours | 5 (9.8) | 65 (6.1) | 1.6 (0.7–4.0) |
| Colour of amniotic fluid (n = 995) | |||
| Clear (reference) | 28 (63.6) | 793 (83.4) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Meconium-stained | 12 (27.3) | 116 (12.2) | 2.7 (1.4–5.3) |
| Other | 4 (9.1) | 42 (4.4) | 2.5 (0.9–7.0) |
| Amniotic fluid odour (n = 975) | |||
| Foul-smelling | 9 (23.8) | 76 (7.8) | 3.1 (1.5–6.2) |
| Not foul-smelling (reference) | 32 (76.2) | 858 (92.2) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Prolonged labour (n = 1066) | |||
| Yes | 4 (8.5) | 137 (13.4) | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) |
| No (reference) | 43 (91.5) | 882 (86.6) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Vaginal bleeding (n = 1019) | |||
| Excessive | 6 (13.3) | 59 (6.0) | 2.3 (1.0–5.1) |
| Normal (reference) | 39 (86.7) | 915 (94.0) | 1.0 (NA) |
| Antepartum fever with chills (n = 1056) | |||
| Yes | 7 (15.6) | 90 (8.9) | 1.9 (0.9–4.1) |
| No (reference) | 38 (84.4) | 921 (91.0) | 1.0 (NA) |
CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; RR, relative risk.
a Denominators for demographic and clinical characteristics may differ due to non-response.