Severe physical punishment: risk of mental health problems for poor urban children in Brazil
Isabel A Bordin, Cristiane S Duarte, Clovis A Peres, Rosimeire Nascimento, Bartira M Curto & Cristiane S Paula
Volume 87, Number 5, May 2009, 336-344
Table 3. Initial and final logistic regression models identifying best associative models for mental health problems in children in Embu, São Paulo, Brazil, 2002–2003a
| Model I Internalizing problems only |
Model II Externalizing problems Only |
Model III Both internalizing and externalizing problems |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| InitialOR (95% CI) | FinalOR (95% CI) | InitialOR (95% CI) | FinalOR (95% CI) | InitialOR (95% CI) | FinalOR (95% CI) | |||
| Independent variables by domain | ||||||||
| Child | ||||||||
| (1) Gender | 6.55 | 1.70 | 1.87 | VEM | 2.22 | 3.86 | ||
| (1.72–24.95) | (1.03–2.81) | (0.82–4.27) | (0.79–6.24) | (1.90–7.82) | ||||
| (2) Age group | 2.32 | 2.35 | 0.24 | VPI | 0.45 | VEM | ||
| (1.35–4.01) | (1.39–3.98) | (0.08–0.69) | (0.14–1.46) | |||||
| (3) Severe physical punishmentb | 0.58 | VEM | 9.47 | VPI | 4.37 | 2.67 | ||
| (0.21–1.59) | (3.43–26.17) | (1.55–12.31) | (1.24–5.74) | |||||
| (4) Ever witnessing marital violence | 1.20 | VEM | 1.03 | VEM | 2.14 | VEM | ||
| (0.59–2.45) | (0.32–3.35) | (0.90–5.11) | ||||||
| Mother | ||||||||
| (5) Education | 1.39 | VEM | 0.78 | VEM | 1.73 | VEM | ||
| (0.56–3.42) | (0.34–1.82) | (0.74–4.02) | ||||||
| (6) Currently working for pay | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.81 | VEM | 1.25 | VEM | ||
| (0.36–1.07) | (0.32–0.92) | (0.36–1.82) | (0.62–2.54) | |||||
| (7) Anxiety/depression | 3.69 | 3.82 | 4.83 | VPI | 7.04 | 5.76 | ||
| (2.13–6.39) | (2.28–6.40) | (1.71–13.63) | (3.16–15.66) | (3.01–10.99) | ||||
| (8) Severe physical marital violenceb | 0.22 | VEM | 1.38 | VEM | 1.75 | VEM | ||
| (0.02–2.17) | (0.10–18.68) | (0.32–9.65) | ||||||
| Father | ||||||||
| (9) Residing in the householdb | 1.58 | VEM | 0.42 | VPI | 1.79 | VEM | ||
| (0.81–3.09) | (0.08–2.10) | (0.77–4.12) | ||||||
| (10) Drunk one or more timesb | 1.77 | VEM | 1.13 | VEM | 0.63 | VEM | ||
| (0.94–3.33) | (0.39–3.25) | (0.24–1.67) | ||||||
| Family | ||||||||
| (11) Socioeconomic status | 2.69 | VEM | 1.54 | VEM | 0.75 | VEM | ||
| (0.82–8.82) | (0.50–4.73) | (0.30–1.83) | ||||||
| Selected interactionsc | ||||||||
| (9) Father residing in the household | ||||||||
| (2) Age group 6–10 years | 0.42 | |||||||
| (0.09–2.02) | ||||||||
| (2) Age group 11–17 years | 5.04 | |||||||
| (1.28–19.79) | ||||||||
| (3) Severe physical punishment | ||||||||
| (7) Maternal anxiety/depression present | 1.25 | |||||||
| (0.28–5.58) | ||||||||
| (7) Maternal anxiety/depression absent | 7.86 | |||||||
| (3.02–20.42) | ||||||||
| –2 log likelihood | 363 295 | 379 972 | 179 757 | 183 554 | 232 831 | 247 913 | ||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; VEM, variable excluded from the model; VPI, variable is part of an interaction.
a The reference group is that of children without internalizing or externalizing problems.
b In the last 12 months.
c Interaction terms included in regression models: model I [(1)*(3), (1)*(5), (1)*(11)]; model II: [(9)*(2), (3)*(7)]; and model III [(1)*(2) and (3)*(7)].