Shame or subsidy revisited: social mobilization for sanitation in Orissa, India
Subhrendu K Pattanayak, Jui-Chen Yang, Katherine L Dickinson, Christine Poulos, Sumeet R Patil, Ranjan K Mallick, Jonathan L Blitstein & Purujit Praharaj
Volume 87, Number 8, August 2009, 580-587
Table 3. DID estimatesa of the effect of an IEC sanitation campaign on individual household latrine ownership in Bhadrak, Orissa, India, 2005–2006
| Model 1b | Model 2c | |
|---|---|---|
| A: Full sample | ||
| No. of households/clusters | 1050/20 | 2100/20 |
| IEC effect (%) | 19.0 | 28.7 |
| 95% CId | 4.7–33.3 | 14.6–42.9 |
| P-value | 0.006 | 0.000 |
| B: BPL only | ||
| No. of households/clusters | 632/20 | 1264/20 |
| IEC effect | 23.7 | 34.2 |
| 95% CId | 6.7–40.7 | 18.0–50.4 |
| P-value | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| C: Non-BPL only | ||
| No. of households/clusters | 418/20 | 836/20 |
| IEC effect | 12.0 | 20.7 |
| 95% CId | 1.9–25.8 | 6.2–35.2 |
| P-value | 0.084 | 0.000 |
BPL, below the poverty line; CI, confidence interval; DID, difference-in-difference; IEC, information, education and communication.
a Standard errors were corrected for clustering at the village level.
b Estimate based on a simple comparison of means in 2006.
c DID using observed latrine ownership in 2005 and 2006. As a check for robustness, we estimated a semi-parametric DID model
22 that essentially uses inverse probability weights as a function of baseline latrine coverage, and found virtually identical results. This confirms that the combination of randomized assignment, covariate balance and DID estimation eliminates any potential bias.
d The intracluster correlation coefficient is set at 0.125.