Estimating the obstetric costs of female genital mutilation in six African countries
Taghreed Adam, Heli Bathija, David Bishai, Yung-Ting Bonnenfant, Manal Darwish, Dale Huntington, Elise Johansen & for the FGM Cost Study Group of the World Health Organization
Volume 88, Number 4, April 2010, 281-288
Table 1. Prevalence of obstetric outcomes, by type of female genital mutilation, in a modelled cohort of women of reproductive age (15–45 years) in six African countriesa
| Parameter | Mean/median | 95% CI | Assumed distributionb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caesarean section prevalence (FGM–0)c | 0.07 | Beta | |
| Caesarean section RR | |||
| FGM–1d | 1.03 | 0.88–1.21 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) |
| FGM–2e | 1.29 | 1.09–1.52 | |
| FGM–3f | 1.31 | 1.01–1.70 | |
| Haemorrhage prevalence (FGM–0) | 0.06 | Beta | |
| Haemorrhage RR | |||
| FGM–1 | 1.03 | 0.87–1.21 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) |
| FGM–2 | 1.21 | 1.01–1.43 | |
| FGM–3 | 1.69 | 1.34–2.12 | |
| Inpatient stay prevalence (FGM–0) | 0.06 | Beta | |
| Inpatient stay RR | |||
| FGM–1 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.35 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) |
| FGM–2 | 1.51 | 1.29–1.76 | |
| FGM–3 | 1.98 | 1.54–2.54 | |
| Inpatient perinatal death prevalence (FGM–0) | 0.04 | Beta | |
| Inpatient perinatal death RR | |||
| FGM–1 | 1.15 | 0.94–1.41 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) |
| FGM–2 | 1.32 | 1.08–1.62 | |
| FGM–3 | 1.55 | 1.12–2.16 | |
| Resuscitated infant prevalence (FGM–0) | 0.08 | Beta | |
| Resuscitated infant RR | |||
| FGM–1 | 1.11 | 0.95–1.28 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) |
| FGM–2 | 1.28 | 1.10–1.49 | |
| FGM–3 | 1.66 | 1.31–2.10 | |
| Episiotomy prevalence (FGM–0) | 0.29 | Beta | |
| Episiotomy RR | |||
| FGM–1 | 1.61 | 1.46–1.78 | Truncated normal of log(RR) (−2.5, 2.5) except FGM3 (−2.9, 2.9) |
| FGM–2 | 1.99 | 2.20–1.81 | |
| FGM–3 | 9.87 | 11.29–8.64 |
CI, confidence interval; FGM, female genital mutilation; RR, relative risk.
a Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal and the Sudan.
b Beta distributions were set such that the most likely value occurred slightly below the mean, and the maximum value was set at 0.10 to 0.24 for outcomes other than episiotomy.
c No FGM.
d Excision of the prepuce with or without total or partial excision of the entire clitoris.
e Excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora.
f Complete or partial excision of the external genitalia and stitching or narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation).
Based on data from study by the World Health Organization.
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