How valuable are environmental health interventions? Evaluation of water and sanitation programmes in India
Subhrendu K Pattanayak, Christine Poulos, Jui-Chen Yang & Sumeet Patil
Volume 88, Number 7, July 2010, 535-542
Table 3. Estimated effects of a community demand-directed water, sanitation and hygiene programme on coping costsa and cost of illnessa in the dry and rainy seasons, Maharasthra, India, 2005 and 2007
| DID analysisb | Dry | Rainy |
|---|---|---|
| Total monthly household coping costs | −6.98** | −0.37 |
| Time costs for water | −4.84* | 0.40 |
| Time costs for sanitation | −1.64*** | −1.42** |
| Filter costs | 0.0023 | 0.0094 |
| Costs of boiling | 0.36 | −0.21 |
| Chemical costs | 0.027* | 0.002 |
| Storage costs | −0.84 | 0.81** |
| Total household COI | 1.25 | 0.11 |
| Out-of-pocket medical expenses | 1.88 | −0.23 |
| Patients' lost income | −0.52 | 0.15 |
| Caregivers' lost income | −0.11 | 0.19 |
COI, cost of illness; DID, difference-in-difference. *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.
a All coping cost and COI values are adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) and inflated to 2007 United States dollars (US$).20–22 In 2007, the PPP exchange rate was 15.139 Indian rupees for US$ 1.
b DID estimation includes covariates unbalanced at baseline (household knowledge of public health messages regarding handwashing and safe handling and storage of food and water; household belief that having a water supply is a public policy priority; household belief that sanitation is a public health priority; and household participation in the village water and sanitation committee). Standard errors were corrected for clustering at the village level.