Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review
Grant L Campbell, Susan L Hills, Marc Fischer, Julie A Jacobson, Charles H Hoke, Joachim M Hombach, Anthony A Marfin, Tom Solomon, Theodore F Tsai, Vivien D Tsu & Amy S Ginsburg
Volume 89, Number 10, October 2011, 766-774E
Table 1. Japanese encephalitis (JE) incidence group, endemic areas, current vaccine programme description (as of 2009) and population data, by country
| IG | Description | Country | Endemic area(s) | Vaccination programme | Population, endemic area(s) only |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Data type | Total (millions) | Age (years) |
||||||
| 0–14 | ≥ 15 | ||||||||
| A | Historically high-incidence areas with long-standing, high-quality vaccination programmes | China (Taiwan) |
Countrywide | Mass vaccination of children was begun in 1968, followed by routine childhood vaccination | 2010 | Inter-census estimate | 23.1 | 3.6 | 19.5 |
| Japan | Countrywide | Vaccine first introduced in 1954; widespread childhood vaccination conducted from 1967 to 2004; recommendation for vaccination withdrawn in 2005 and coverage declined; recommendation reinstated in 2009, but coverage remains low | 2010 | Census | 128.1 | 17.2 | 110.9 | ||
| Republic of Korea | Countrywide | Routine childhood vaccination programme began in the 1970s | 2005 | Census | 47.3 | 7.8 | 39.5 | ||
| B | Extremely low-incidence areas; rare human cases; minimal or no vaccination programmes | Australia | Torres Strait Islands and Far North Statistical Division, Queensland State | Mass vaccination was conducted on outer Torres Straits Islands only in 1995, followed by routine vaccination programme | 2009 | Inter-census estimate | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.2 |
| India | Lowest-incidence stratum (north-west –Haryana, Punjab) | Generally none, but mass-vaccination campaigns conducted in a portion of Haryana state in 2007–2009 | 2008 | Inter-census estimate | 53.1 | 16.2 | 36.8 | ||
| Pakistan | Sindh province | None | 1998 | Census | 30.4 | 10.8 | 19.7 | ||
| Russian Federation | Primorsky Krai | None | 2010 | Census | 2.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 | ||
| Singapore | Countrywide | None | 2010 | Census | 3.8 | 0.7 | 3.1 | ||
| C1 | Historically high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | China | Higher-incidence stratum (Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces) | From 1981 to 2007, vaccine used extensively but non-uniformly in children; beginning in 2008, incorporated into Expanded Programme on Immunization in all endemic provinces | 2010 | Census | 1025.7 | 200.0 | 825.7 |
| C2 | Historically medium-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programme | China | Lower-incidence stratum (Beijing, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shanghai, and Tianjin provinces; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macau Special Administrative Region) | As above, except for Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR, which have no vaccination programmes | 2007 | Inter-census estimate | 276.6 | 53.9 | 222.7 |
| D | High-incidence areas with nascent or no vaccination programmes | Cambodia | Countrywide | National programme started in three provinces in late 2009 | 2008 | Census | 13.4 | 4.3 | 9.1 |
| Indonesia | Higher-incidence stratum (Bali, Nusa Tenggara, all provinces on Borneo and Sulawesi, and the Moluccas) | None | 2010 | Census | 50.4 | 13.6 | 36.8 | ||
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | Countrywide | None | 2009 | Inter-census estimate | 6.1 | 2.1 | 4.0 | ||
| Malaysia | Sabah and Labuan (all of Malaysian Borneo except Sarawak) | None | 2000 | Census | 3.2 | 1.0 | 2.2 | ||
| Myanmar | Countrywide | None | 2000 | Inter-census estimate | 49.0 | 12.5 | 36.5 | ||
| Philippines | Countrywide | None | 2007 | Census | 88.6 | 31.4 | 57.2 | ||
| Timor-Leste | Countrywide | None | 2010 | Census | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 | ||
| E | Medium-incidence areas with no vaccination programmes | Indonesia | Lower-incidence stratum (all provinces on Sumatra, Java and Papua, plus Kepulauan Bangka Belitung and Riau) | None | 2005 | Inter-census estimate | 187.2 | 50.5 | 136.6 |
| Malaysia | Peninsular Malaysia | None | 2000 | Census | 21.9 | 6.6 | 15.3 | ||
| Papua New Guinea | All provinces on the main island | None | 2000 | Census | 4.4 | 1.7 | 2.7 | ||
| F | Historically high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | India | Highest-incidence stratum (north-central and north-eastern – Assam, Bangla [West Bengal], Bihar, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh) | National programme started in 2006; previously, very limited state-based use as outbreak response | 2008 | Inter-census estimate | 428.6 | 131.2 | 297.5 |
| Nepal | Higher-incidence stratum (24 Terai and Inner Terai districts) | Vaccine introduced in 2006 | 2001 | Census | 12.5 | 4.5 | 8.0 | ||
| G | Low-incidence areas with minimal or no vaccination programmes | Bangladesh | Countrywide | None | 2001 | Census | 124.4 | 38.9 | 85.4 |
| Bhutan | Southern foothillls (Chhukha, Dagana, Monggar, Pemagatshel, Samdrupjongkhar, Samtse, Sarpang, Trashigang, Tsirang, Zhemgang districts) | None | 2005 | Census | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||
| Brunei Darussalam | Countrywide | None | 2010 | Census | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | ||
| Nepal | Lower-incidence stratum (51 mountain and hill districts) | Vaccine campaigns conducted in three hill districts in 2008–2009 | 2001 | Census | 10.7 | 3.9 | 6.8 | ||
| H | Historically medium-to-high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | India | Medium-incidence stratum (south – Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu) | National programme started in 2006; previously, very limited state-based use as outbreak response | 2008 | Inter-census estimate | 366.4 | 112.1 | 254.3 |
| Malaysia | Sarawak | Vaccine introduced in 2001 nationwide, but subsequently scaled-back to Sarawak only | 2000 | Census | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.7 | ||
| Sri Lanka | Countrywide | Vaccine introduced in 1988, with initial use in high-risk areas | 2010 | Inter-census estimate | 20.7 | 5.1 | 15.5 | ||
| Thailand | Countrywide | Routine childhood vaccination began in 1990, initially in higher-risk provinces | 2006 | Inter-census estimate | 62.8 | 12.9 | 49.9 | ||
| Viet Nam | Countrywide | Vaccine introduced in 1997, with initial use in high-risk areas | 2009 | Census | 85.8 | 20.3 | 65.6 | ||
| I | Historically medium-to-high-incidence area with expanding vaccination programme | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | All provinces except Ryanggang and North Hamyong | Minimal vaccine coverage from 1994 to 2008; in 2009, a mass campaign vaccinated nearly half a million children in five provinces and Pyongyang | 2008 | Census | 20.3 | 4.6 | 15.7 |
| – | – | Subtotal (JE-endemic areas only)a | – | – | – | 3150.9 | 769.2 | 2381.7 | |
IG, incidence group.
a The total population (endemic + non-endemic areas) aged 0–14 years is 1000.9 million, aged 15+ years is 2692.7 million, and combined is 3693.6 million (country-specific data not shown).