Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review
Grant L Campbell, Susan L Hills, Marc Fischer, Julie A Jacobson, Charles H Hoke, Joachim M Hombach, Anthony A Marfin, Tom Solomon, Theodore F Tsai, Vivien D Tsu & Amy S Ginsburg
Volume 89, Number 10, October 2011, 766-774E
Table 3. Estimated annual incidence and case frequency of Japanese encephalitis (JE) by incidence group and age stratuma
| IG | Description | Countries/regions | 0–14 years of age |
≥ 15 years of age |
All ages |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endemic area(s) population (millions) |
Incidenceb | Frequency | Endemic area(s) population (millions) |
Incidenceb | Frequency | Endemic area(s) population (millions) |
Incidenceb | Frequency | Percentage of totalc | |||||
| A | Historically high-incidence areas with long-standing, high-quality vaccination programmes | Japan, Republic of Korea, China (Taiwan) | 28.5 | 0.003 | 1 | 170.0 | 0.003 | 5 | 198.5 | 0.003 | 6 | < 0.1 | ||
| B | Extremely low-incidence areas; rare human cases; minimal or no vaccination programmes | Australia, India (lowest-incidence stratum), Pakistan, Russian Federation, Singapore | 28.0 | 0.001 | 0 | 61.5 | 0.004 | 2 | 89.5 | 0.003 | 2 | < 0.1 | ||
| C1 | Historically high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | China (higher-incidence stratum) | 200.0 | 12.7 | 25 387 | 825.7 | 1.0 | 8462 | 1025.7 | 3.3 | 33 849 | 49.9 | ||
| C2 | Historically medium-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programme | China (lower-incidence stratum) | 53.9 | 0.04 | 21 | 222.7 | 0.003 | 7 | 276.6 | 0.01 | 28 | < 0.1 | ||
| D | High-incidence areas with nascent or no vaccination programmes | Cambodia, Indonesia (higher-incidence stratum), Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia (Borneo except Sarawak), Myanmar, Philippines, Timor-Leste | 65.4 | 10.6 | 6927 | 146.4 | 0.7 | 990 | 211.8 | 3.7 | 7917 | 11.7 | ||
| E | Medium-incidence areas with no vaccination programmes | Indonesia (lower-incidence stratum), Malaysia (peninsular), Papua New Guinea | 58.9 | 5.3 | 3122 | 154.6 | 0.34 | 523 | 213.5 | 1.7 | 3645 | 5.4 | ||
| F | Historically high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | Nepal (higher-incidence stratum); India (highest-incidence stratum) | 135.7 | 5.1 | 6861 | 305.4 | 1.8 | 5489 | 441.1 | 2.8 | 12 350 | 18.2 | ||
| G | Low-incidence areas with minimal or no vaccination programmes | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Nepal (lower-incidence stratum) | 43.0 | 2.5 | 1086 | 92.8 | 0.3 | 272 | 135.8 | 1.0 | 1358 | 2.0 | ||
| H | Historically medium-to-high-incidence areas with expanding vaccination programmes | India (medium-incidence stratum), Malaysia (Sarawak), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam | 151.1 | 4.7 | 7063 | 387.0 | 0.3 | 1009 | 538.1 | 1.5 | 8072 | 11.9 | ||
| I | Historically medium-to-high-incidence area with expanding vaccination programme | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | 4.6 | 12.6 | 586 | 15.7 | 0.5 | 84 | 20.3 | 3.3 | 670 | 1.0 | ||
| Total (JE-endemic areas only) | 769.2 | 6.6 | 51 054 | 2381.7 | 0.7 | 16 843 | 3150.9 | 2.2 | 67 897 | 100 | ||||
| Overall incidence (endemic + non-endemic areas)b | – | 5.4 | – | – | 0.6 | – | – | 1.8 | – | – | ||||
IG, incidence group.
a Total population (endemic + non-endemic areas) aged 0–14 years is 1000.9 million; aged ≥ 15 years, 2692.7 million; and combined, 3693.6 million (country-specific data not shown).
b Per 100 000.
c Total frequency divided by 67 897 times 100.
Note: See text for assumptions.