Giving birth at a health-care facility in rural China: is it affordable for the poor?
Qian Long, Yaoguang Zhang, Joanna Raven, Zhuochun Wu, Lennart Bogg, Shenglan Tang & Elina Hemminki
Volume 89, Number 2, February 2011, 144-152
Table 2. Percentage change (PC) and absolute change in percentage (ACP) between 2002 and 2007 in total and out-of-pocket expenditurea on delivery at a health-care facility in rural China, by household income groupb
| Parameter | 2002 household income group (n = 900) |
2007 household income group (n = 1 333) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 308) | Medium (n = 295) | High (n = 297) | Low (n = 445) |
Medium (n = 470) |
High (n = 418) |
||||||||||
| US$ | US$ | US$ | US$ | PC | ACP | US$ | PC | ACP | US$ | PC | ACP | ||||
| Mean annual household income | 594 | 1167 | 2508 | 1186 | +100 | NA | 2359 | +102 | NA | 4812 | +92 | NA | |||
| All facility-based deliveries | |||||||||||||||
| Mean total expenditure per delivery | 108 | 126 | 158 | 199 | +84 | NA | 255 | +102 | NA | 317 | +100 | NA | |||
| Mean out-of-pocket expenditure per delivery | 108 | 126 | 158 | 155 | +43 | NA | 212 | +69 | NA | 271 | +71 | NA | |||
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of annual household income | 18.2c | 10.8c | 6.3c | 13.1c | NA | −5.1 | 9.0c | NA | −1.8 | 5.6c | NA | −0.7 | |||
| Vaginal delivery | |||||||||||||||
| Mean total expenditure per delivery | 41 | 63 | 83 | 116 | +184 | NA | 146 | +132 | NA | 183 | +120 | NA | |||
| Mean out-of-pocket expenditure per delivery | 41 | 63 | 83 | 88 | +115 | NA | 120 | +91 | NA | 157 | +89 | NA | |||
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of annual household income | 6.9c | 5.4 c | 3.3 c | 7.4c | NA | +0.5 | 5.1c | NA | −0.3 | 3.3c | NA | 0 | |||
| Caesarean delivery | |||||||||||||||
| Mean total expenditure per delivery | 303 | 311 | 344 | 460 | +52 | NA | 496 | +60 | NA | 562 | +63 | NA | |||
| Mean out-of-pocket expenditure per delivery | 303 | 311 | 344 | 377 | +24 | NA | 423 | +36 | NA | 480 | +40 | NA | |||
| Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of annual household income | 51.0c | 26.6c | 13.7c | 31.8c | NA | −19.2 | 17.9c | NA | −8.7 | 10.0c | NA | −3.7 | |||
NA, not applicable; US$, United States dollar.
a Expenditure was adjusted for inflation.
b Households were divided into three groups of equal size according to income: low, medium and high.
c Percentages.