Gender empowerment and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratios
Sara C Hitchman & Geoffrey T Fong
Volume 89, Number 3, March 2011, 195-202
Table 2. Gender smoking ratio (GSR), correlation matrix
| Measure | Correlation coefficient/ P-value/no. of countries |
GSRa | GEMb | Ginic | ln(GNI per capita)d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSRa | r | 1 | |||
| P | – | ||||
| n | 130 | ||||
| GEMb | r | 0.680 | 1 | ||
| P | < 0.001 | – | |||
| n | 88 | 109 | |||
| Ginic | r | −0.241 | −0.22 | 1 | |
| P | 0.014 | 0.034 | – | ||
| n | 104 | 92 | 142 | ||
| ln(GNI per capita)d | r | 0.659 | 0.708 | −0.325 | 1 |
| P | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | – | |
| n | 115 | 102 | 138 | 166 |
GEM, gender empowerment measure; Gini, Gini coefficient; GNI, gross national income; GSR, gender smoking ratio; ln, logarithm.
a Female-to-male current cigarette smoking prevalence ratio. Current smoking rates obtained from reference.5
b Obtained from reference.17 Value range: 0 to 1. Values closer to 1 signify higher empowerment.
c Obtained from reference.17 Value range: 0 to 1. 0 signifies maximal equality and 1, maximal inequality.
d GNI per capita in purchasing power parity dollars.