Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta-regression
Kosuke Kawai, Donna Spiegelman, Anuraj H Shankar & Wafaie W Fawzi
Volume 89, Number 6, June 2011, 402-411B
Table 1. Characteristics of randomized controlled trials examining the effect of maternal micronutrient supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in developing countries
| Study | Country | No. of women | Intervention | Control | Compliance (%) | Loss to follow-up (%) | Weeks of gestation at enrolment (mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fawzi et al., 1998 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 1075 HIV+ | 8 vitamins in multiples of RDAa | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (5 mg) | 91 | 6 | 20.3 ± 3.4 |
| Christian et al., 2003 |
Nepal (Sarlahi) | 1978 | 15 micronutrientsb | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 75 | 6 | 11.4 ± 5.1 |
| Ramakrishnan et al., 2003 |
Mexico | 873 | 13 micronutrientsc | Iron (60 mg) | 95 | 26 | 9.2 ± 3.0 |
| Friis 2004 |
Zimbabwe | 1669 (1 135 HIV− and 534 HIV+) | 13 micronutrientsd | Iron and folic acid | NA | 34 | 29.2 |
| Kaestel et al.,2005 |
Guinea Bissau | 2100 | UNIMMAP in 1 or 2 doses of RDAe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 76 | 19 | 22 ± 7 |
| Osrin et al., 2005 |
Nepal (Janakpur) | 1200 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | NA | 3 | 16.2 ± 3.0 |
| Gupta et al., 2007 |
India | 200 undernourished | 29 micronutrientsf | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (500 µg) | 85 | 15 | 27.9 |
| Zagré et al., 2007 |
Niger | 3670 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 79 | 31 | 10 |
| Fawzi et al., 2007 |
United Republic of Tanzania | 8468 HIV− | 8 vitamins in multiples of RDAa | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (5 mg) | 88 | 1 | 21.3 ± 3.5 |
| Shankar et al., 2008 |
Indonesia | 31 290 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (30 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 85 | 6 | 20.9 |
| Zeng et al., 2008 |
China | 3811 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 92 | 8 | 13.8 ± 5.6 |
| Roberfroid et al., 2008 |
Burkina Faso | 1426 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | NA | 4 | 17.3 ± 8.0 |
| Bhutta et al., 2009 |
Pakistan | 2378 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | 76 | 11 | 12.2 ± 3.0 |
| Sunawang et al., 2009 |
Indonesia (Indramayu) | 1694 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | NA | NA | 14.4 |
| Tofail et al., 2009 |
Bangladesh | 2412 | UNIMMAPe | Iron (30 mg) and folic acid (400 µg) | NA | NA | 14.6 |
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; NA, not available; RDA, recommended dietary allowance; SD, standard deviation; UNIMMAP, UNICEF/WHO/United Nations University international multiple micronutrient preparation.
a Used vitamins B1 (20 mg), B2 (20 mg), B6 (25 mg), B12 (50 µg), C (500 mg), E (30 mg) and niacin (100 mg) plus iron (60 mg) and folic acid (60.8 mg).
b Used vitamins A (1000 µg), D (10 µg), E (10 mg), B1 (1.6 mg), B2 (1.8 mg), B6 (2.2 mg), B12 (2.6 µg), C (100 mg) and niacin (20 mg) plus zinc (30 mg), copper (2 mg), vitamin K (65 µg), magnesium (100 mg), iron (60 mg) and folic acid (400 µg).
c Used vitamins A (2150 IU), D (309 IU), E (5.73 IU), B1 (0.93 mg), B2 (1.87 mg), B6 (1.94 mg), B12 (2.04 µg), C (66.5 mg) and niacin (15.5 mg) plus zinc (12.9 mg), magnesium (252 mg), iron (62.4 mg) and folic acid (215 µg).
d Used β-carotene (3.5 mg), vitamins A (3000 IU), D (5 µg), E (10 mg), B1 (1.5 mg), B2 (1.6 mg), B6 (2.2 mg), B12 (4.0 µg), C (80 mg) and niacin (17 mg) plus zinc (15 mg), copper (1.2 µg), selenium (65 µg) and folic acid (5 mg).
e International multiple micronutrient preparation containing vitamins A (800 µg), D (5 µg), E (10 mg), B1 (1.4 mg), B2 (1.4 mg), B6 (1.9 mg), B12 (2.6 µg) C (70 mg) and niacin (18 mg) plus zinc (15 mg), copper (2 mg), selenium (65 µg), iodine (150 µg), iron (30 mg) and folic acid (400 µg).
f Used β-carotene (2500 IU), vitamins B1 (1 mg), B2 (1.5 mg), B6 (1 mg), B12 (1 µg), C (50 mg), D (200 IU), E (7.5 mg), calcium (5 mg), nicotinamide (20 mg), biotin (30 µg), zinc (15 mg), potassium iodide (0.15 mg), magnesium oxide (100 mg), magnese sulfate (2.5 mg), copper (2 mg), calcium (162 mg), phosphorus (125 mg), potassium (40 mg), chloride (36.3 mg), chromium (25 µg), molybdenum (25 µg), spdium selenate (30 µg), nickel (5 µg), silicon dioxide (2 mg), vanadium (10 µg), boron (150 µg), iron (70 mg) and folic acid (900 µg).