Socioeconomic inequalities in hospital births in China between 1988 and 2008
Xing Lin Feng, Ling Xu, Yan Guo & Carine Ronsmans
Volume 89, Number 6, June 2011, 432-441
Table 2. Time trends in hospital births by socioeconomic region, household income, health insurance and parity, China, 1988–2008
| Annual trends | Hospital births |
|
|---|---|---|
| Crude RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RRa (95% CI) | |
| Model 1: By socioeconomic region | ||
| 1988–2001 | ||
| Urban | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Rural I | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) |
| Rural II | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) |
| Rural III | 1.13 (1.08–1.17) | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) |
| Rural IV | 1.21 (1.09–1.34) | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) |
| 2002–2008 | ||
| Urban | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
| Rural I | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) |
| Rural II | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) |
| Rural III | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Rural IV | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) |
| Model 2: By household income | ||
| 1988–2001 | ||
| Highest income | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| High income | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) |
| Middle income | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) |
| Low income | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) |
| Lowest income | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) |
| 2002–2008 | ||
| Highest income | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
| High income | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Middle income | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Low income | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Lowest income | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) |
| Model 3: By health insurance | ||
| 1988–2001 | ||
| Health insurance | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) |
| No health insurance | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| 2002–2008 | ||
| Health insurance | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| No health insurance | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) |
| Model 4: By parity | ||
| 1988–2001 | ||
| Parity 1 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) |
| Parity 2+ | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) |
| 2002–2008 | ||
| Parity 1 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Parity 2+ | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) |
CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
a Relative risk adjusted for all other variables in the table.