Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries
Rob ES Bain, Stephen W Gundry, Jim A Wright, Hong Yang, Steve Pedley & Jamie K Bartram
Volume 90, Number 3, March 2012, 228-235A
Table 3. Estimated population without access to safe drinking-water in five countries, by assessment method, 1990–2008
| Assessment method, by country | Population without access to safe drinking-water (millions)a |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2008 | |
| Ethiopia | |||||
| JMPb | 40.1 | 44.4 | 47.2 | 48.5 | 50.0 |
| JMP adjusted for microbial compliancec | 42.8 | 48.4 | 52.0 | 55.0 | 57.3 |
| JMP adjusted for overall complianced | 43.1 | 48.9 | 52.8 | 56.2 | 58.9 |
| Jordan | |||||
| JMPb | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| JMP adjusted for microbial compliancec | 0.1 | 0·1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| JMP adjusted for overall complianced | 0.2 | 0·2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 |
| Nicaragua | |||||
| JMPb | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| JMP adjusted for microbial compliancec | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
| JMP adjusted for overall complianced | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| Nigeria | |||||
| JMPb | 51.6 | 55.2 | 58.7 | 60.6 | 63.5 |
| JMP adjusted for microbial compliancec | 63.7 | 68.3 | 73.0 | 78.0 | 81.1 |
| JMP adjusted for overall complianced | 64.5 | 69.8 | 75.4 | 81.6 | 85.5 |
| Tajikistan | |||||
| JMPb | NA | 2.3 | NA | NA | 2.5 |
| JMP adjusted for microbial compliancec | NA | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
| JMP adjusted for overall complianced | NA | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 |
JMP, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; NA, not available.
a United Nations population data were obtained from the JMP web site.
b The population without access to safe drinking-water was estimated using the original JMP figures.
c Microbial compliance: the population without access to safe drinking-water was estimated using the original JMP figures adjusted for the percentage compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on drinking-water contamination with thermotolerant coliform bacteria derived during the Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality (RADWQ) project.
d Overall compliance: the population without access to safe drinking-water was estimated using the original JMP figures adjusted for the percentage compliance with WHO guidelines on drinking-water contamination with thermotolerant coliforms, arsenic, fluoride and nitrates derived during the RADWQ project.