Male circumcision programmes in Kenya: lessons from the Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007
Zebedee Mwandi, Rebecca Bunnell, Peter Cherutich, Jonathan Mermin, Andrea A Kim, Anthony Gichangi, Patrick Mureithi, Timothy A Kellogg, Tom Oluoch, James Muttunga, Carol Ngare, Evelyn Kim & Reinhard Kaiser
Volume 90, Number 9, September 2012, 642-651
Table 1. Circumcised and uncircumcised men aged 15–64 years, Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007
| Variable | Circumcised men (n = 6 586) |
Uncircumcised men (n = 1 092) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Weighted %a (95% CI) | No. | Weighted %a (95% CI) | ||
| Total | 6586 | 3.9 (3.3–4.5) | 1092 | 13.2 (10.8–15.7) | |
| Age group, years | |||||
| 15–24 | 2008 | 31.6 (30.0–33.3) | 505 | 48.8 (45.2–52.4) | |
| 25–34 | 1654 | 24.5 (23.1–25.9) | 227 | 20.1 (17.3–22.8) | |
| 35–44 | 1249 | 19.0 (17.8–20.2) | 161 | 14.4 (12.1–16.7) | |
| 45–54 | 953 | 13.8 (12.9–14.7) | 125 | 10.2 (8.3–12.1) | |
| 55–64 | 722 | 11.0 (10.1–11.9) | 74 | 6.6 (4.8–8.3) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Province | |||||
| Nairobi | 792 | 8.9 (7.3–10.5) | 133 | 10.2 (5.7–14.7) | |
| Central | 1072 | 16.0 (14.4–17.7) | 49 | 4.3 (2.6–6.0) | |
| Coast | 794 | 8.6 (7.3–9.9) | 28 | 1.5 (0.8–2.3) | |
| Eastern | 1243 | 20.6 (18.0–23.3) | 52 | 4.5 (2.4–6.6) | |
| North-Eastern | 325 | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) | 9 | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | |
| Nyanza | 533 | 8.6 (7.2–10.1) | 566 | 52.9 (46.3–59.4) | |
| Rift Valley | 970 | 23.0 (20.3–25.6) | 120 | 16.7 (12.2–21.2) | |
| Western | 857 | 12.2 (10.6–13.8) | 135 | 9.7 (5.2–14.1) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Area of residence | |||||
| Rural | 4880 | 77.2 (74.1–80.3) | 836 | 79.8 (74.2–85.4) | |
| Urban | 1706 | 22.8 (19.7–25.9) | 256 | 20.2 (14.6–25.8) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Educational level | |||||
| No primary | 605 | 6.5 (5.4–7.6) | 54 | 6.4 (3.7–9.1) | |
| Incomplete primary | 1696 | 27.2 (25.3–29.1) | 429 | 41.1 (36.5–45.6) | |
| Complete primary | 1580 | 24.6 (23.2–26.1) | 259 | 23.5 (20.4–26.5) | |
| Secondary or higher | 2705 | 41.7 (39.3–44.1) | 350 | 29.0 (24.8–33.3) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Never married or cohabited | 2301 | 35.3 (33.6–37.0) | 489 | 46.9 (43.1–50.8) | |
| Currently married or cohabiting | 3918 | 58.8 (57.0–60.7) | 551 | 48.6 (44.9–52.3) | |
| Separated or divorced | 288 | 4.5 (3.9–5.1) | 34 | 2.8 (1.6–3.9) | |
| Widowed | 79 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 18 | 1.7 (0.8–2.5) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Ethnic tribe | |||||
| Embu | 101 | 1.6 (0.9–2.3) | 2 | 0.2 (0.0–0.5) | |
| Kalenjin | 545 | 11.0 (8.8–13.1) | 41 | 5.9 (2.4–9.3) | |
| Kamba | 809 | 13.6 (10.5–16.8) | 6 | 0.8 (0.0–1.8) | |
| Kikuyu | 1590 | 25.2 (22.6–27.7) | 54 | 4.8 (2.8–6.9) | |
| Kisii | 509 | 8.2 (6.8–9.5) | 5 | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | |
| Luhya | 1161 | 17.0 (15.0–18.9) | 81 | 5.7 (2.1–9.2) | |
| Luo | 147 | 2.3 (1.6–2.9) | 739 | 66.7 (60.5–72.9) | |
| Masai | 68 | 2.0 (0.7–3.3) | 3 | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | |
| Meru | 438 | 7.5 (6.3–8.7) | 32 | 3.1 (1.5–4.8) | |
| Mijikenda | 448 | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 0 | ||
| Somali | 383 | 2.4(2.0–2.9) | 5 | 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | |
| Taita/Taveta | 110 | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 2 | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | |
| Swahili | 10 | 0.1 (0.0–0.1) | 0 | ||
| Other | 267 | 3.2 (2.2–4.2) | 122 | 11.7 (7.3–16.1) | |
| Total | 6586 | 100 (NA) | 1092 | 100 (NA) | |
| Self-reported HIV status | |||||
| Never tested or unknownb | 4833 | 76.2 (74.6–77.8) | 791 | 75.7 (71.8–79.5) | |
| Negative | 1530 | 23.3 (21.7–24.9) | 239 | 22.0 (18.2–25.9) | |
| Positive | 29 | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 27 | 2.3 (1.3–3.3) | |
| Total | 6392 | 100 (NA) | 1057 | 100 (NA) | |
| HSV-2 infection | |||||
| No | 4355 | 75.8 (74.3–77.4) | 546 | 59.3 (55.6–63.1) | |
| Yes | 1320 | 24.2 (22.6–25.7) | 396 | 40.7 (36.9–44.4) | |
| Total | 5675 | 100 (NA) | 942 | 100 (NA) | |
| Consistent condom use with most recent partner in the last 12 months | |||||
| Yes | 601 | 12.3 (11.1–13.5) | 124 | 16.1 (12.7–19.4) | |
| No | 4389 | 87.7 (86.5–88.9) | 633 | 83.9 (80.6–87.3) | |
| Total | 4990 | 100 (NA) | 757 | 100 (NA) | |
| Number of sexual partners of unknown or discordant HIV status in the last 12 months | |||||
| 0 | 1037 | 23.4 (21.8–25.0) | 136 | 20.2 (15.5–24.9) | |
| 1 | 2962 | 66.8 (65.1–68.5) | 423 | 63.2 (58.1–68.2) | |
| 2 | 371 | 8.5 (7.5–9.5) | 92 | 12.9 (9.9–15.8) | |
| 3 or more | 56 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 29 | 3.8 (2.3–5.3) | |
| Total | 4426 | 100 (NA) | 680 | 100 (NA) | |
| Unprotected sex in the last 12 monthsc | |||||
| With partner of unknown or discordant status | 3143 | 65.0 (62.9–67.0) | 463 | 63.1 (56.8–69.3) | |
| With partner of concordant status | 1137 | 23.3 (21.5–25.1) | 156 | 21.1 (17.0–25.2) | |
| Did not have unprotected sex | 566 | 11.7 (10.5–13.0) | 118 | 15.8 (12.4–19.3) | |
| Total | 4846 | 100 (NA) | 737 | 100 (NA) | |
CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV-2, herpes simplex virus 2; NA, not applicable.
a Each man’s response was weighted to take its sampling probability into account and to adjust for the nonresponse rate.
b In total, 74 circumcised men and 26 uncircumcised men had been tested but did not know their HIV status.
c An individual was classified as having had unprotected sex in the last 12 months if he had unprotected sex during at least one of the three most recent sex acts in the last 12 months.