Emergency obstetric care in Mali: catastrophic spending and its impoverishing effects on households
Catherine Arsenault, Pierre Fournier, Aline Philibert, Koman Sissoko, Aliou Coulibaly, Caroline Tourigny, Mamadou Traoré & Alexandre Dumont
Volume 91, Number 3, March 2013, 207-216
Table 1. Number and proportion of households that incurred catastrophic expenditure, as defined by three income thresholds, per household wealth quintile, Kayes, Mali, 2008–2011
| Wealth quintile | No. | Average EmOC expenditure (US$)a | Average household incomeb (US$) | No. (%) of households by income thresholdc |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5% (n = 259) | 10% (n = 162) | 15% (n = 100) | ||||
| 1d | 97 | 130.9 | 570.4 | 28.5 (89.7) | 57.0 (76.3) | 85.6 (58.8) |
| 2 | 100 | 155.7 | 1301.2 | 65.1 (75.0) | 130.1 (51.0) | 195.2 (29.0) |
| 3 | 99 | 169.8 | 2284.9 | 114.2 (52.5) | 228.5 (23.2) | 342.7 (13.1) |
| 4 | 115 | 131.1 | 2957.6 | 147.9 (33.0) | 295.8 (12.2) | 443.6 (0.9) |
| 5 | 73 | 181.0 | 7946.5 | 397.3 (9.6) | 794.7 (0.0) | 1192.0 (0.0) |
| Total | 484 | 151.6 | 2864.6 | 143.2 (53.5) | 286.5 (33.5) | 429.7 (20.7) |
EmOC, emergency obstetric care; US$, United States dollar.
a Exchange rate US$ 1 = 472 Communauté Financière Africaine francs.
b Adjusted for household size.
c Any expenditure above the threshold was considered catastrophic. Since monetary income and consumption expenditures were not directly measured in the study, the average income of the corresponding quintile, adjusted for household size, was used instead. Each quintile’s average income was obtained from a study conducted in Kayes in 2008.28
d Poorest.