Health Status Statistics: Mortality
Probability of dying (per 1000) under age five years (under-5 mortality rate)
Rationale for use
Under-5 mortality rate is a leading indicator of the level of child health and overall development in countries. It is also a MDG indicator.
Definition
Probability of a child born in a specific year or period dying before reaching the age of five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of that period.
Associated terms
Under-5 mortality rate, is strictly speaking, not a rate (i.e. the number of deaths divided by the number of population at risk during a certain period of time) but a probability of death derived from a life table and expressed as rate per 1,000 live births.
Live birth refers to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which, after such separation, breathes or shows any other evidence of life - e.g. beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles - whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. Each product of such a birth is considered live born.
Data sources
Age-specific mortality rates among children and infants are calculated from birth and death data derived from vital registration, census, and/or household surveys:
Vital registration: Number of deaths by age and numbers of births and children in each age group are used to calculate age specific rates. This system provides annual data.
Census and surveys: An indirect method is used based on questions to each woman of reproductive age as to how many children she has ever born and how many are still alive. The Brass method and model life tables are then used to obtain an estimate of under-5 mortality.
Surveys: A direct method is used based on birth history - a series of detailed questions on each child a woman has given birth to during her lifetime. To reduce sampling errors, the estimates are generally presented as period rates, for five or 10 years preceding the survey.
Methods of estimation
Empirical data from different sources are consolidated to obtain estimates of the level and trend in under-5 mortality by fitting a curve to the observed mortality points. However, to obtain the best possible estimates, judgement needs to be made on data quality and how representative it is of the population. Recent statistics based on data availability in most countries are point estimates dated by at least 3-4 years which need to be projected forward in order to obtain estimates of under-5 mortality for the current year.
Disaggregation
By sex, location (urban/rural, major regions/provinces) and socio-economic characteristics (e.g. mother's education, wealth quintile). Often disaggregated under-5 mortality rates are presented for 10-year periods because of the rapid increase in sampling error if multiple categories are used. Censuses and surveys provide such detail; vital registration data usually does not include socio-economic variables but can provide the other disaggregations.
References
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Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1960 to 1996
Hill K, et al. Trends in child mortality in the developing world: 1990 to 1996, unpublished report, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), New York, January 1998. -
The World Health Report 2005, Make every mother and child count
The World Health Report 2005, Make every mother and child count. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005. -
The State of the World's Children 2005 - Childhood under threat
The State of the World's Children 2005 - Childhood under threat. New York, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), 2004.
Database
- Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
- WHO Mortality Database (Vital registration data)
- UNICEF (statistics and MICS)
Comments
Even though many countries have collected information on child mortality in recent years, the high demand for very recent child mortality trend information is difficult to meet through household surveys. High quality of vital registration systems (completeness of registration) and high quality of survey or census data collection are crucial - WHO does estimate the level of underestimation of vital registration systems and there clearly is substantial variation in data quality and consistency across countries.
