E-LIBRARY
This site is a bibliography of links to abstracts from scientific conferences or peer-reviewed articles on results of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling, as well as policies, guidelines and training materials on all models of HIV testing and counselling. The titles of the documents are shown below. External links do not necessarily indicate an endorsement by WHO of the site from which the documents originate.
Please email PITCGuidelines@who.int for any broken links.
Policy and Advocacy
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Addressing violence against women and HIV testing and counselling: A meeting report (2006)
pdf, 2.50Mb - Evolution of Counseling and Testing Policy and Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Improving Access to HIV Prevention and Care (CROI 2007)
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Ethics and HIV testing (WHO Bulletin 2006)
pdf, 164kb - HIV Infection; Ignorance Is Not Bliss (Annals of Internal Medicine 2005)
- Routine screening: informed consent, stigma and the waning of HIV exceptionalism (American Journal of Bioethics, August 2006)
- Scale-up of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing in Kenya (JAMA 2006)
- It is time to implement routine, not risk-based, HIV testing (Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005)
- HIV testing and privacy laws (Clinical Infectious Diseases 2005)
- HIV Counseling and Testing: Less Targeting, More Testing (AJPH 2006)
- More testing for HIV needed (The Lancet, October 2006)
- Routine screening for HIV infection--timely and cost-effective (NEJM, February 2005)
- Screening for HIV: Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services (Annals of Internal Medicine 2005)
- UNAIDS/WHO policy statement on HIV testing and counselling (June 2004)
- Opening Up the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (Guidance on beneficial disclosure)
- Technical brief: Entry points to antiretroviral treatment (WHO 2003)
- HIV testing. Horizons Report December 2006 (Population Council)
- Scaling up HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing in Africa: What Can Evaluation Studies Tell Us About Potential Prevention (SAGA 2005)
- Expanding HIV testing and counseling: operations research examined strategies to increase access and uptake (Horizons/Population Council 2006)
- Screening for HIV: Recommendation Statement (American Family Physicians, December 2005)
- HIV-related Stigma, Discrimination and Human Rights Violations (UNAIDS 2005)
- International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights (OHCHR/UNAIDS 2006)
Guidelines
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Guidance on PITC in Health Facilities (May 2007)
pdf, 2.78Mb -
Guide du conseil et du dépistage du VIH à l’initiative du soignant dans les établissements de santé (Mai 2007)
pdf, 1.36Mb -
Guidance on PITC (Russian) (May 2007)
pdf, 1.51Mb - National Guidelines on HIV Testing 2006 (UK)
- VCT Guide (WHO/EMRO)
- National HIV Testing Policy 2006 (Australia)
- Guidelines on HIV testing (India)
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National Guidelines for Voluntary Testing and Counselling (Kenya) 2001
pdf, 2.23Mb - Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing (CDC MMWR September 2006)
- Dépistage du VIH et conseil initiés par les médecins (Switzerland)
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Guidelines for HIV testing in clinical settings. 3rd edition, 2006 (Kenya)
pdf, 1.27Mb - IOM Guide for HIV Counsellors
Uptake of testing
- Physician-mediated HIV Testing (CROI 2007)
- Pilot Implementation of Revised National Policy for Routine Offer of HIV Testing in Antenatal Services: Quantitative and Qualitative Impact in Urban and Rural Zimbabwe
- Routine HIV Counseling and Testing for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in a Rural Ugandan Hospital
- The High Yield of Routine HIV Screening in Urgent Care Sites in Massachusetts (CROI 2003)
- Impact of routine HIV counseling and testing with an opt-out strategy compared to voluntary vounseling and testing in the implementation of PMTCT services, Lilongwe, Malawi (International AIDS Society 2006)
- Test offering, not additional information, may increase HIV testing uptake in a knowledgeable population (The Central African Journal of Medicine 2004)
- Improving uptake of HIV testing in patients with a confirmed STI (International Journal of STD & AIDS 2004)
- Improving the uptake of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antenatal screening in a primary healthcare setting (Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2003)
- Mandatory reporting of HIV infection and opt-out prenatal screening for HIV infection: effect on testing rates (Canadian Medical Association Journal 2003)
- Increased uptake of HIV screening following introduction of "opt out" testing and results by telephone (Sexually Transmitted Infections 2004)
- HIV testing in an urgent-care clinic (Sexual Health 2005)
- Routine Voluntary HIV Testing in Durban, South Africa: The Experience From an Outpatient Department (Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, August 2007)
Implementation
- HIV testing and counselling toolkit: an annotated bibliography of resources and tools
- Building on the Success of STD Programmes to Increase Access to Prevention and Care for HIV/AIDS: The Case for Routine Testing and Counseling in STD Patients (PEPFAR 2007)
- HIV testing in an urgent-care clinic (Sexual Health 2005)
- HIV Screening Practices: Results from a Survey of US Physicians (CROI 2007)
- Implementing Routine Rapid HIV Testing in a Large Public Healthcare Facility (CROI 2007)
- Increasing Access to Quality Integrated HIV and Family Planning Services: Results of a Targeted Evaluation
- Routine HIV Testing for Children: Challenges and Lessons Learned
- Routine and Universal Counseling and Testing Among Hospitalized Children at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
- Introduction of routine HIV testing in prenatal care--Botswana, 2004 (JAMA 2005)
- Routine intrapartum HIV counseling and testing for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a rural Ugandan hospital (Journal Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2006)
- Antenatal HIV testing: assessment of a routine voluntary approach (BMJ 1999)
- Increased uptake of HIV screening following introduction of "opt out" testing and results by telephone (Sexually Transmitted Infections 2004)
- Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy, Feasibility and Client Preference for Rapid Oral Fluid-Based Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Rural India (Public Library of Science 2007)
- The lost children of universal access - issues in scaling up HIV testing and counselling (Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, July 2006)
- Testing and counselling for PMTCT Support Tools (EN)
- Testing and counselling for PMTCT Support Tools (FRE)
Acceptability
- Achieving universal HIV screening in prenatal care in the United States: provider persistence pays off (AIDS Patient Care STDs 2005)
- Acceptability of routine HIV testing ("opt-out") in antenatal services in two rural districts of Zimbabwe (BMJ 2004)
- Integrating prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission into antenatal care: learning from the experiences of women in South Africa (AIDS Care 2004)
- Women's acceptability and husband's support of rapid HIV testing of pregnant women in IndiaWomen's acceptability and husband's support of rapid HIV testing of pregnant women in India (AIDS Care 2003)
- Pregnant women's decisions on antenatal HIV screening in Hong Kong (AIDS Care 2003)
- Acceptance of Routine Testing for HIV among Adult Patients at the Medical Emergency Unit at a National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda (AIDS and Behavior 2006)
- Two and a Half Years of Routine HIV Testing in Botswana (Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 2007)
- Refusing HIV testing in an urgent care setting: results from the "Think HIV" program (AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2006)
- Understanding the Patient's Perspective on Rapid and Routine HIV Testing in an Inner-City Urgent Care Center (AIDS Education and Prevention 2004)
- Routine HIV Testing in Botswana: A Population-Based Study on Attitudes, Practices, and Human Rights Concerns (Public Library of Science 2006)
- Integrating routine HIV testing into a public health STD clinic (Public Health Reports 2006)
- Acceptability of human immunodeficiency virus testing in patients with invasive cervical cancer in Kenya
- Routine rapid HIV testing in hospitals: another opportunity for hospitalists to improve care (Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006)
- Voluntary counseling and testing among post-partum women in Botswana (Patient Education and Counselling 2007)
- A randomised controlled trial of different approaches to universal antenatal HIV testing: uptake and acceptability and Annex:Antenatal HIV testing - assessment of a routine voluntary approach (BMJ. 1998)
- Factors influencing acceptability of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV in Bushenyi district of Uganda (East African Medical Journal 2002)
- Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a study on acceptability by Nigerian women attending antenatal clinics (African Journal of Reproductive Health 2004)
Effectiveness
- A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of alternative HIV counseling and testing methods to increase knowledge of HIV status (AIDS 2006)
- HIV incidence during a cluster-randomized trial of two strategies providing voluntary counselling and testing at the workplace, Zimbabwe (AIDS 2007)
- Cost-Effectiveness of Screening for HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (NEJM, 2005)
- Expanded screening for HIV in the United States--an analysis of cost-effectiveness (NEJM, 2005)
- Expanded HIV screening in the United States: effect on clinical outcomes, HIV transmission, and costs (Annals of Internal Medicine 2006)
- Routine human immunodeficiency virus testing: an economic evaluation of current guidelines (AMJMED 2005)
- Routine, rapid HIV testing (AIDS Education and Prevention 2006)
- The extent of undiagnosed HIV infection among emergency department patients: results of a blinded seroprevalence survey and a pilot HIV testing program (Journal of Emergency Medicine 2000)
- Cost-effectiveness of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in eight African countries (AIDS, August 2004)
Operational issues
- Rapid HIV Testing: Issues in Implementation (AIDS Patients Care and STDs 2004)
- Clinical screening for HIV in a health centre setting in urban Kenya: an entry point for voluntary counselling, HIV testing and early diagnosis of HIV infection? (Tropical Doctor 2007)
- Barriers to HIV testing: a survey of GUM clinic attendees (Sexual Transmitted Infections 2004)
Training
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Interim guidelines for first-level facility health workers at health centre and district outpatient clinic (IMAI Acute Care Module)
pdf, 2.54Mb - Voluntary HIV counseling and testing: manual for training of trainers (WHO/SEARO)
- Guidelines for appropriate evaluations of HIV testing technologies in Africa (WHO/AFRO)
- HIV Rapid Testing training package (CDC/WHO)
- HIV Testing and Counseling in TB Clinical Settings Tools (CDC/WHO)
Treatment
Supply and management of commodities
- Rapid HIV Testing Assessment (NASTAD, October 2006)
- Guide for quantifying HIV tests (DELIVER John Snow, Inc. May, 2006)
- Quality Assurance Guidelines for Testing Using the OraQuick® Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test (CDC 2007)
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Guidelines for Assuring the Accuracy and Reliability of HIV Rapid Testing: Applying a Quality System Approach (WHO/CDC 2005)
pdf, 1.15Mb - International Drug Price Indicator Guide (MSH 2005)
- Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations 40th Report (WHO 2006)
- Guidelines for Managing the HIV/AIDS Supply Chain (DELIVER John Snow, Inc. 2006)
- Logistics Fact Sheets: HIV Test Kits (complete set) (DELIVER John Snow, Inc. 2006)
Service delivery
- Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings (MMWR, September 2006)
- Operating Procedures for the Central Laboratory Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Services (FHI, August 2004)
- National Monitoring and Evaluation Plan for Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Services (FHI, August 2004)
- HIV and Partner Violence: Implications for HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Programs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (USAID 2001)
Capacity building and training
- HIV counseling and testing for youth: a manual for providers (USAID 2005)
- Rapid HIV Testing Training Package (CDC 2005)
- Routine HIV Testing and Counselling for PMTCT - Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Training Series (WHO/CDC 2005)
- Let's talk about HIV counselling and testing: Facilitators' Guide (International HIV/AIDS Alliance 2006)
- HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing: Skills Training Curriculum - Participant's Manual (FHI, January 2005)
- HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing: Skills Training Curriculum - Facilitator's Manual (FHI, January 2005)
- HIV Counselling with Rapid Tests (CDC)
- VCT Toolkit: Trainer's Manual - Counselling Supervision and Training (FHI, August 2005)
- VCT Toolkit: Participant's Manual - Counselling Supervision and Training (FHI, August 2005)
- HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing: a Reference Guide for Counselors and Trainers (FHI 2004)
Additional resources
- Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum and newborn care: A guide for essential practice [2Mb] (WHO, Updated second edition)
- Routine Prenatal Testing: the Opt-out Approach (CDC)
- Pediatric HIV Diagnosis and Laboratory Monitoring: Report of a forum for collaborative HIV research working group meeting (Forum for Collaborative HIV Research, February 2006)
- Social relationships and adolescents' HIV counseling and testing decisions in Zambia (Population Council, June 2006)
- Assessment of HIV testing policy and practices in Benin (USAID, August 2005)
- Home-based HIV testing and counselling in a survey context in Uganda (USAID, August 2006))
- Demonstration projects for community-based organizations (CBOs): HIV rapid testing in non-clinical settings (CDC, January 2005))
- Voluntary counselling and testing – Emerging approaches from Asia and Eastern Europe (International HIV/AIDS Alliance, April 2004)
- HIV voluntary counseling and testing in Egypt - a reference guide for counselors (FHI)
- Snapshots from the Field: Scaling-Up Voluntary Counseling and Testing in Africa: Four Case Studies (FHI, April 2004)
- Rapid HIV Antibody Testing During Labor for Women of Unknown Status (CDC, January 2004)