Vaccine supply

• What is special about vaccines?

Security of vaccine supply

Vaccine security, the uninterrupted supply of affordable vaccines, is now a major strategic requirement for successful immunization.

• Global production and availability of vaccines
  pdf, 293kb

Vaccine products are diverging. This is unlikely to change in the short term. This market divergence has implications for the availability, pricing and regulation of vaccines.

• Divergence of products for public sector immunization programmes
  pdf, 155kb

• Divergence of product lines in industrialized and developing countries
  pdf, 56kb

Demand forecasting is very important to ensure the availability of an adequate supply of high quality vaccines. WHO will assist countries with demand forecasting for routine vaccination to help nations address supply problems and implement better national planning systems for their immunization programmes.

• Demand forecasting to ensure availability of an adequate supply of vaccine

Emergency response vaccines have become important due to resurgent outbreaks, threatening global pandemics and situations where a global emergency immunization response may be needed. This paper examines how international public and private sector can interact with the vaccine production industry on emergency response vaccines.

Vaccine economics

This paper explores some of the major areas of change in the economics of vaccine development over the last 20 years. Issues of cost, process standarization and validation as well as clinical trials, capacity, competition and markets are examined.

• Economics of vaccine development and implementation - changes over the past 20 years
  pdf, 53kb

Last updated 3 February 2006