Annex

Obesity

Type 2 diabetes

CVD

Cancer Dental disease

Osteoporosis

Energy and fats

High intake of energy-dense foods

C↑

Saturated fatty acids

P↑

C↑^b

Trans fatty acids

C↑

Dietary cholesterol

P↑

Myristic and palmitic acid

C↑

Linoleic acid

C↓

Fish and fish oils (EPA and DHA)

C↓

Plant sterols and stanols

P↓

α-Linolenic acid

P↓

Oleic acid

P↓

Stearic acid

P-NR

Nuts (unsalted)

P↓

Carbohydrate

High intake of NSP(dietary fibre)

C↓

P↓

P↓

Free sugars (frequency and amount)

C↑^c

Sugar-free chewing gum

P↓^c

Starch^d

C-NR

Wholegrain cereals

P↓

Vitamins

Vitamin C deficiency

C↑^e

Vitamin D

C↓^f

C↓^g

Vitamin E supplements

C-NR

Folate

P↓

Minerals

High sodium intake

C↑

Salt-preserved foods and salt

P↑^h

Potassium

C↓

Calcium

C↓^g

Fluoride, local

C↓^c

Fluoride, systemic

C↓^c

P-NR^g

Fluoride, excess

C↑^f

Hypocalcaemia

P↑^f

Meat and fish

Preserved meat

P↑ⁱ

Chinese-style salted fish

C↑^j

Fruits (including berries) and vegetables

Fruits (including berries) and vegetables

C↓^k

P↓^k

C↓

P↓^l

Whole fresh fruits

P-NR^c

Beverages, non-alcoholic

Sugars-sweetened soft drinks and fruit juices

P↑

P↑^m

Very hot (thermally) drinks (and food)

P↑ⁿ

Unfiltered boiled coffee

P↑

Beverages, alcoholic

High alcohol intake

C↑^o

C↑^p

C↑^g

Low to moderate alcohol intake

C↓^q

Other food-borne

Aflatoxins

C↑^r

Weight and physical activity

Abdominal obesity

C↑

Overweight and obesity

C↑

C↑

C↑^s

Voluntary weight loss in overweight and obese people

C↓

Low body weight

C↑^g

Physical activity, regular

C↓

C↓

C↓

C↓ⁱ

P↓^t

C↓^g

Physical inactivity/sedentary lifestyle

C↑

C↑

Other factors

Exclusive breastfeeding

P↓

Maternal diabetes

C↑

Intrauterine growth retardation

P↑

Good oral hygiene/absence of plaque

C↓^e

Hard cheese

P↓^c

Environmental variables

Home and school environments that support healthy food choices for children

P↓

Heavy marketing of energy-dense foods, and fast-food outlets

P↑

Adverse socioeconomic conditions

P↑