The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use
New WHO publication on cannabis
Front page
The report will soon be available in pdf format. Use the navigation to the right to read the report online.
Contents Foreword Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Cannabis
substance profile and its health impact 2.1 What do we know? 2.1.1 Cannabis, cannabinoids, cannabis-use
disorders 2.1.2 Cannabis preparations and mode of
administration. 2.1.3 Changes in cannabis potency 2.1.4 Risk and protective factors 2.1.5 Short-term health effects of
cannabis use 2.1.6 Long-term health effects of cannabis
use 2.1.7 Approach to making causal inferences 3. Epidemiology
of cannabis use, disorders and treatment 3.1 What do we know? 3.1.1 Prevalence of cannabis use 3.1.1.1 Global and regional data 3.1.1.2 Country examples 3.1.2 Prevalence of cannabis-use disorders 3.1.3 Treatment trends 3.1.4 Areas that require more research 4. Neurobiology
of cannabis use 4.1 What do we know? 4.1.1 The psychoactive components and
neurobiology of cannabis use 4.1.2 Neurobiology of long-term cannabis
use 4.1.3 Neurobiology of prenatal cannabis
exposure 4.1.4 Neurobiology of cannabis effects in
adolescence 4.1.5 Modifiers of risk: the interplay
between genetics and environment 4.1.6 Areas that require more research 5. Short-term
effects of cannabis 5.1 What do we know? 5.1.1 Cognition and coordination 5.1.2 Anxiety and psychotic symptoms 5.1.3 Acute toxicity 5.1.4 Acute cardiovascular effects 5.1.5 Acute effects on lungs and airways 5.1.6 Traffic injuries and fatalities 5.1.7 Other injury (not related to
driving) 5.1.8 Cannabis and the workplace 5.1.9 Areas that require more research 6. Mental
health and psychosocial outcomes of long-term cannabis use 6.1 What do we know? 6.1.1 Long-term cannabis use and
dependence 6.1.2 Long-term cannabis use and cognitive
function 6.1.3 Long-term psychosocial consequences
of adolescent cannabis use 6.1.3.1 Social and educational outcomes 6.1.3.2 Other illicit drug use 6.1.3.3 Tobacco and alcohol use 6.1.4 Psychosis and schizophrenia 6.1.5 Other mental disorders 6.1.6 Suicide risk, ideation and attempts 6.1.7 Suicide mortality 6.1.8 Areas that require more research 7. Long-term
cannabis use and noncommunicable diseases 7.1 What do we know? 7.1.1 Respiratory diseases 7.1.1.1 Chronic bronchitis 7.1.1.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease 7.1.1.3 Other respiratory diseases 7.1.2 Cardiovascular diseases 7.1.2.1 Stroke 7.1.3 Cancer 7.1.3.1 Upper aerodigestive tract cancers 7.1.3.2 Respiratory cancers 7.1.3.3 Testicular cancer 7.1.3.4 Other cancers 7.1.4 Areas that require more research 8. Prevention
and treatment 8.1 What do we know? 8.1.1 Prevention of cannabis use 8.1.1.1 Interventions targeting families 8.1.1.2 Interventions in school settings 8.1.1.3 Interventions targeting vulnerable
youth 8.1.2 Treatment of disorders due to
cannabis use 8.1.2.1 Natural history of cannabis-use
disorders 8.1.2.3 Therapies for cannabis-use
disorders 8.1.2.4 Management of acute cannabis
intoxication and cannabis withdrawal 8.1.2.5 Relapse prevention 8.1.3 Areas that require more research 9. Conclusions 9.1 What do we know? 9.1.1 What do we know about the
neurobiology of cannabis use? 9.1.2 What we know about the epidemiology
of cannabis use and cannabis dependence? 9.1.3 What do we know about the short-term
effects of cannabis use? 9.1.4 What do we know about the long-term
effects of regular cannabis use? 9.1.5 What do we know about prevention and
treatment? 9.2 Priority areas for future research 9.2.1 Substance content and prevalence 9.2.2 Neurobiology of cannabis use 9.2.3 Health consequences 9.2.4 Social costs 9.2.5 Prevention 9.2.6 Treatment References