Le tabac aggrave la pauvreté des pays
Références
1 Prabhat Jha, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, D.C, World Bank, 1999.
2 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Highlights, April 12, 2002, Vol. 51, No. 14.
3 Jin S et al.An Evaluation on Smoking-induced Health Costs in China (1988–1989). Biomedical And Environmental Sciences, 1995, 8, 342–9.
4 Jiang Y, Jin S. Social economic burden attributed to smoking in China, 1998. Paper presented at the National Conference on Policy Development of Tobacco Control in China in the 21st Century, Beijing, 29–31 May 2000; and: Hu TW and Z. Mao. Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy. Tobacco Control, 2002;11:105–108.
5 Nassar H. The economics of tobacco in Egypt, A New Analysis of Demand. HNP Discussion Paper, Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 8, March 2003.
6 Shaping the Future The World Health Report 2003.
7 Prabhat Jha, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, D.C, World Bank, 1999.
8 Jacobs R et al. The Supply-Side Effects of Tobacco Control Policies. In: Jha and Chaloupka eds, Tobacco Control in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, 2000.
9 From FAO Database, http://apps.fao.org
10 Tobacco leaves export data from FAO statistical database (http://apps.fao.org) for 2002; Value of total exports by country for 2002, UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics 2003.
11 Ibid.
12 The Cigarette "Transit" Road to the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq: Illicit Tobacco Trade in the Middle East. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.
13 European Community vs. R.J. Reynolds, http://www.nyed.uscourts.gov/coi/02cv5771cmp.pdf [pdf 266kb]
14 Prabhat Jha, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, D.C, World Bank, 1999.
15 Hu T and Mao Z. Tobacco Farming and Government Policies in China. World Bank Discussion Paper, forthcoming.
16 Jacobs R op. cit. According to one report, Universal is conducting experiments with mechanized farming in Brazil, possibly reducing this number further (Jungbluth G Double Whammy. Tobacco International, April 2000).
17 Guindon GE and Boisclair D. Past,Current and Future Trends in Tobacco Use. HNP Discussion paper, Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 6, February 2003.
18 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, Barren Leaf, Golden Harvest: The Costs of Tobacco Farming, 2001.
19 van Liemt G. The world tobacco industry: Trends and prospects. Geneva, International Labour Office, Working Paper 179, 2002.
20 Geist HJ. Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco Control, 1999, 8:18–28.
21 Geist HJ. How tobacco farming contributes to tropical deforestation. In: ,Abedian et al. eds. The Economics of Tobacco Control: Towards an Optimal Policy Mix. Cape Town, Applied Fiscal Research Centre, 1998.
22 Novotny TE, Zhao F. Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. Tobacco Control, 1999, 8:75–80.
23 Register K. Cigarette Butts as Litter: Toxic as Well as Ugly. Underwater Naturalist: Bulletin of the American Littoral Society, Volume 25, Number 2, August 2000.
24 Simon Chapman, Tobacco and Deforestation in the developing World. Tobacco Control 1994; 3: 191-3.
25 Currie K, Ray L. Contract farmers: a case study from rural Kenya. Development Research Digest 1983 Winter;10. Op. Cit. In Simon Chapman's Tobacco and Deforestation in the developing World.
26 Testimony submitted on 17 August 2000 before the WHO public hearings on the WHO FCTC: http://www3.who.int/whosis/fctc/Submissions/F6360629.pdf [pdf 20kb]
27 Philip Morris/Altria, BAT and Japan Tobacco 2002 Annual Reports. World Bank, World Development Indicators, July 2003.