Manejo del agua en la vivienda: beneficios acelerados para la salud derivados del abastecimiento de agua mejorado
Monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of alternative household water treatment
| Hazard | Vessel Type | Vessel Integrity | Vessel Sanitation |
| Critical Control Point(s) | Appropriate or not appropriate, based on design | Intact or not intact, based on visible damage (e.g., cracks, scratches), broken or missing parts (e.g., cap) and leaks | Sanitary or nor sanitary, based on frequency of cleaning and cleaning method |
| Type of Treatment | Source Water Hazards | Source Water Critical Control Point(s) | Treatment Hazards | Treatment Critical Control Points |
| Heating to boiling with fuel | Contaminated or uncontaminated? | Choose best available source | Inadequate temperature achieved | Heat to a visible rolling boil |
| Solar Radiation in clear plastic bottles (heat + UV radiation or heat only) | Contaminated or uncontaminated?Turbid? UV-absorbing solutes | Choose best available source, with low turbidity and low UV-absorbing solutes | Inadequate sunlight to achieve target temperature and UV dose | Target temperature sensor (thermometer or melting wax); elapsed exposure time (timer, clock, sun position, etc.); monitor/observe weather (sunny, part sun or cloudy) |
| Solar radiation (cooker or reflector) in opaque vessel (heat only) | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity | Inadequate sunlight to achieve target temperature | Target temperature sensor (thermometer or melting wax); elapsed exposure time (timer, clock, sun position, etc.); monitor/observe weather (sunny, part sun or cloudy) |
| UV irradiation with lamps | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? UV-absorbing solutes? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity and low UV-absorbing solutes | No electrical power to UV lamp; poor water quality | Assure a reliable source of electrical power to UV lamp; assure adequate water quality (based on turbidity and UV-absorbing materials) |
| Settling; plain sedimentation | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity | Poor settling of turbidity (suspended matter) | Observe (monitor) for adequate turbidity (cloudiness) reduction |
| Filtration methods | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity | Poor filtration and turbidity reduction | Observe (monitor) for adequate turbidity (cloudiness) reduction |
| Chlorination or mixed oxidants from electrolysis of brine (NaCl) | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? Chlorine-demanding solutes? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity and low chlorine demand | Poor chlorination due to inadequate dose and contact time | Observe (monitor) for chlorine residual (C) and for adequate contact time (T), i.e., adequate CT |
| Combined chemical coagulation + chlorination systems | Contaminated or uncontaminated? Turbid? Chlorine-demanding solutes? | Choose best available source, with low turbidity and low chlorine demand | Poor treatment due to inadequate turbidity removal and chlorine dose | Observe (monitor) for turbidity (cloudiness) reduction and adequate CT (chlorine residual and contact time) |