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Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater

The Guidelines are presented in four separate volumes:

Background papers

The papers below were drafted as comprehensive background materials for the meeting on the draft Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater (May 2005). The opinions expressed in these papers are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the World Health Organization.

Developing human health-related chemical guidelines for reclaimed waster and sewage sludge applications in agriculture [pdf 373kb]
A. C. Chang, University of California, Riverside, California, Genxing Pan, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, A. L. Page, University of California, Riverside, California, and Takashi Asano, University of California, Davis, California, USA

Household food security and wastewater-dependent livelihood activities along the Musi river in Andhra Pradesh, India [pdf 418kb]
Stephanie Buechler, Gayathri Devi, International Water Management Institute, Pantancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India

Microbial risk assessment [pdf 259kb]
S. R. Petterson & N. J. Ashbolt, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Urine diversion – hygienic risks and microbial guidelines for reuse [pdf 1.68Mb]
Caroline Schönning, Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden

Virus humains et santé publique: conséquences de l'utilisation des eaux usées et des boues en agriculture et conchyliculture [pdf 1.03Mb]
Professeur Louis Schwartzbrod, Centre Collaborateur OMS pour les Microorganismes dans les Eaux Usées, Université de Nancy, Nancy, France

Critical review of epidemiological evidence of the health effects of wastewater and excreta use in agriculture [pdf 315kb]
Dr Ursula J Blumenthal and Dr Anne Peasey, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom