![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/map_mers_yosef.jpg?sfvrsn=fba8ebbe_3\")
\r\n20 March 2006
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health in Egypt has confirmed the country\u2019s first case of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
\r\n\r\nThe case occurred in a 30-year-old woman from the Qaliubiya governorate near Cairo. She developed symptoms in early March following close contact with diseased chickens, ducks, and a turkey in the household flock. She was hospitalized on 16 March and died the following day.
\r\n\r\nMonitoring of the woman\u2019s family members and close contacts has found no signs of influenza-like illness.
\r\n\r\nTesting was conducted by the US Naval Medical Research Unit (NAMRU-3), which is based in Cairo. Samples are being sent abroad for diagnostic verification and further analysis by a WHO collaborating laboratory. WHO will adjust the figures in its cumulative number of cases following the results of this external verification.
\r\n\r\nEgypt confirmed its first H5N1 outbreak in poultry on 17 February. The virus has since been reported in 18 of the country\u2019s 26 governorates. In Egypt, poultry are often kept in close proximity to households, also in urban areas.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in Egypt","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2006_03_20-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2006_03_20-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:59:19Z","PublicationDate":"2006-03-20T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:59:19Z","Id":"32b088d3-994f-4813-842b-7decdcd1a3be","FormattedDate":"20 March 2006"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n9 February 2009 -\r\nThe Ministry of Health and Population of Egypt has announced a new human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. The case is a one and a half year old male from the Maghagha District of Menia Governorate. His symptoms began on 6 February and he was hospitalized at the Maghagha Fever Hospital on 7 February where he remains in a stable condition. Infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus was confirmed by the Egyptian Central Public Health Laboratory.
\r\n\r\nInvestigations into the source of his infection indicate a history of close contact with dead poultry prior to becoming ill.
\r\n\r\nOf the 55 cases confirmed to date in Egypt, 23 have been fatal.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza - situation in Egypt - update 4","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2009_02_09-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2009-02-09T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2009_02_09-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:33:29Z","PublicationDate":"2009-02-09T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:33:29Z","Id":"cd21efbc-c212-4ba9-8846-5082d47168ff","FormattedDate":"9 February 2009"},{"DonId":"2019-DON163","Overview":"On 25 April 2019, the local administration in Larkana district was alerted by media reports of a surge in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases among children in Ratodero Taluka, Larkana district, Sindh province, Pakistan. A screening camp was initially established at Taluka’s main hospital. Later, screening was expanded to other health facilities including selected Rural Health Centers (RHCs) and Basic Health Units (BHUs). HIV rapid test kits that were initially used were replaced with pre-qualified WHO test kits.
From 25 April through 28 June 2019, a total of 30,192 people have been screened for HIV, of which 876 were found positive. Eighty-two per cent (719/876) of these were below the age of 15 years. During the screening, several risk factors were identified, including: unsafe intravenous injections during medical procedures; unsafe child delivery practices; unsafe practices at blood banks; poorly implemented infection control programs; and improper collection, storage, segregation and disposal of hospital waste.
This is the fourth reported outbreak of HIV in Larkana district since 2003. The first outbreak in 2003, was among people who inject drugs (PWID), the second was among 12 pediatric patients in a pediatric hospital in 2016, and the third, also in 2016, was among 206 patients in a dialysis unit.
Prior to this event, Larkana district had only one antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic, which was for adults exclusively (2,568 registered cases by May 2019).
","Assessment":"
Pakistan is one of the countries in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region where new HIV infections are increasing at an alarming level since 19871. The current HIV epidemic in Pakistan is defined as a concentrated epidemic. Although the overall prevalence is still less than 1% in the adult population, the latest estimate (2017) of people living with HIV (PLHIV) was 150,0002 . In 2018, 21,000 new PLHIV cases were recorded.
Regarding this event, the overall risk of disease spread within Larkana district is high due to:
Further epidemiological investigations will help determine the magnitude of the event, and whether this event is acute and isolated in nature, or a longer duration situation with these cases (accidentally diagnosed) representing the tip of the iceberg of a larger epidemic.
The risk at regional and global levels is considered very low because the mode of transmission of HIV is very specific and limited to mother to child transmission, contact with contaminated blood through contaminated syringes/other surgical instruments, blood transfusion or sexual contact with PLHIV. The situation is being closely monitored, and the risk will be re-assessed according to the results of the preliminary investigation.
","Advice":"
This event highlights the importance of using high-impact interventions to reduce vulnerability and prevent transmission mainly in health care settings. It also takes into consideration the prevention of sexual transmission in high risk groups, transmission through injecting drug use and mother-to-child transmission.
WHO recommends that after 18 months of age, three different assays may be required to establish the diagnosis of HIV infection . However, infants less than 18 months of age who are born to HIV infected mother should be diagnosed through nucleic acid testing (NAT)3.
WHO stresses the importance of immediately linking all those diagnosed with HIV infection to antiretroviral treatment (ART), where the test should be repeated to rule out errors in diagnosis (in case second test is negative4) and, thereafter, ART should be started without any delay.
","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"HIV cases\u2013Pakistan","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2019-DON163","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2019-07-03T21:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"
1Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic-June 1998
2UNAIDS Pakistan country profile
3WHO Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services, July 2015
","Response":"
The response to the event has been led by the provincial Department of Health (DOH) and the Sindh AIDS Control Program (SACP). The response has been supported by UN partners, the Pakistan Field Epidemiology & Laboratory Training Program (FELTP), Aga Khan University, and other partners.
A new HIV/AIDS ART Treatment Center for children has been established at Shaikh Zaid Children Hospital. Unauthorized laboratories, blood banks, and clinics have been closed.
A mission led by the Federal Ministry of Health (MOH) and WHO, supported by other UN partners and academia has been conducted through the first half of June. The objectives were to identify sources and chains of transmission of HIV, map the high-risk areas, and identify gaps in HIV diagnosis, care and treatment.
","UrlName":"2019-DON163","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2022-07-28T22:44:32Z","PublicationDate":"2022-07-28T09:16:58Z","LastModified":"2022-07-28T22:44:32Z","Id":"d194b960-7b19-45a7-b607-9c3ba7315ed1","FormattedDate":"3 July 2019"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"
\r\n23 June 2013 -\r\nThe Ministry of Health (MoH) in Saudi Arabia has announced two additional laboratory-confirmed cases and a death in a previously confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).\r\n
\r\n\r\nOne case is a 41 year-old female from Riyadh who had contact with a confirmed case. The other case is a 32 year-old male from the Eastern Region with underlying medical conditions who is in critical condition.\r\n
\r\n\r\nIn addition, the MoH has announced the death of a previously reported confirmed case from the Eastern Region who had been admitted to hospital on 26 April 2013.\r\n
\r\n\r\nGlobally, from September 2012 to date, WHO has been informed of a total of 70 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including 39 deaths.\r\n
\r\n\r\nWHO has received reports of laboratory-confirmed cases originating in the following countries in the Middle East to date: Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). France, Germany, Italy, Tunisia and the United Kingdom also reported laboratory-confirmed cases; they were either transferred there for care of the disease or returned from the Middle East and subsequently became ill. In France, Italy, Tunisia and the United Kingdom, there has been limited local transmission among patients who had not been to the Middle East but had been in close contact with the laboratory-confirmed or probable cases.\r\n
\r\n\r\nBased on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and to carefully review any unusual patterns.
\r\n\r\nHealth care providers are advised to maintain vigilance. Recent travellers returning from the Middle East who develop SARI should be tested for MERS-CoV as advised in the current surveillance recommendations. Specimens from patients\u2019 lower respiratory tracts should be obtained for diagnosis where possible. Clinicians are reminded that MERS-CoV infection should be considered even with atypical signs and symptoms, such as diarrhoea, in patients who are immunocompromised.
\r\n\r\nHealth care facilities are reminded of the importance of systematic implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC). Health care facilities that provide care for patients suspected or confirmed with MERS-CoV infection should take appropriate measures to decrease the risk of transmission of the virus to other patients, health care workers and visitors.
\r\n\r\nAll Member States are reminded to promptly assess and notify WHO of any new case of infection with MERS-CoV, along with information about potential exposures that may have resulted in infection and a description of the clinical course. Investigation into the source of exposure should promptly be initiated to identify the mode of exposure, so that further transmission of the virus can be prevented.
\r\n\r\nWHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
\r\n\r\nWHO continues to closely monitor the situation.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2013_06_23-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2013-06-23T00:00:00Z","Summary":"The Ministry of Health (MoH) in Saudi Arabia has announced two additional laboratory-confirmed cases and a death in a previously confirmed case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2013_06_23-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:37:04Z","PublicationDate":"2013-06-23T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:37:04Z","Id":"9f87b09e-9355-4cac-9e18-615fad230fb3","FormattedDate":"23 June 2013"},{"DonId":"2007DON075","Overview":"The Ministry of Health in China has reported a new case of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The case was confirmed by the national laboratory on 23 May.
The 19-year old male soldier, serving in Fujian province, developed fever and pneumonia-like symptoms on 9 May and was hospitalized on 14 May.
There is no initial indication to suggest he had contact with sick birds prior to becoming unwell. Close contacts have been placed under medical observation and all remain well.
Of the 25 cases confirmed to date in China, 15 have been fatal.
","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"Influenza A (H5N1) virus - China","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Influenza A (H5N1) virus - China","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2007DON075","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2007-05-30T10:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2007DON075","Epidemiology":"","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2024-03-07T13:06:12Z","PublicationDate":"2024-03-07T13:06:11Z","LastModified":"2024-05-21T08:52:21Z","Id":"4359d577-064d-44c6-bac1-586f0db50381","FormattedDate":"30 May 2007"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n10 August 2012 -\r\nThe Ministry of Health of Indonesia has notified WHO of a new case of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus.
\r\n\r\nThe case is a 37 year old male from Yogyakarta province. He developed fever on 24 July 2012, was hospitalized on 27 July and died on 30 July.
\r\n\r\nEpidemiological investigation on the case found that the case had four pet caged birds in his home, which is about 50 metres from a poultry slaughter house and near a farm.
\r\n\r\nInfection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus was confirmed by the National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health and reported to WHO by the National IHR Focal Point.
\r\n\r\nTo date, the total number of human influenza A(H5N1) cases in Indonesia is 191 with 159 fatalities, 8 (all fatal) of which occurred in 2012.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in Indonesia \u2013 update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2012_08_10b-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2012-08-10T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2012_08_10b-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:27:23Z","PublicationDate":"2012-08-10T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:27:23Z","Id":"b47e5206-624c-4fa7-9fe7-46fbe61af1dd","FormattedDate":"10 August 2012"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n30 December 2005
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health of China has confirmed an additional case of human infection on the mainland with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. The case is a 41-year-old woman from the south-eastern province of Fujian. She developed symptoms of fever followed by pneumonia on 6 December, and was admitted to hospital two days later. The patient died on 21 December.
\r\n\r\nOn 13 December, initial laboratory tests on samples from the patient tested negative for H5N1. But further tests on 23 December \u2013 including PCR tests carried out at the Chinese Center for Disease Control in Beijing \u2013 showed positive results. The virus was also isolated from the patient.
\r\n\r\nClose contacts who have been placed under medical observation have not displayed any symptoms, health authorities report.
\r\n\r\nAgricultural authorities so far have not been able to confirm the presence of the H5 virus subtype in poultry in the vicinity of the patient\u2019s residence or place of work. Investigators have not been able to confirm any direct contact between the patient and poultry prior to the onset of illness. The investigation, however, is continuing and answers to these and other questions are still being sought.
\r\n\r\nThis is China\u2019s seventh laboratory-confirmed human case. Of these cases, three have been fatal (including this latest case). To date, China has reported human cases in six provinces and regions: Hunan, Anhui, Guangxi, Liaoning, Jiangxi and Fujian.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in China \u2013 update 51","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2005_12_30-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2005-12-30T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2005_12_30-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:36:23Z","PublicationDate":"2005-12-30T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:36:23Z","Id":"4523c8e4-db8d-423b-a8f6-81ab1c6c9a56","FormattedDate":"30 December 2005"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n16 May 2001
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nDuring 2001 the following countries have reported\r\ncases of W135 meningococcal disease to WHO; most cases are associated with international\r\ntravel or contact with travellers to Saudi Arabia:
\r\n\r\nBurkina Faso: 4 cases have been reported. N.\r\nmeningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed. Travel/contact history of\r\ncases is not yet known.
\r\n\r\nCentral African Republic: 3 cases (Haj\r\npilgrims) have been reported. N. meningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory\r\nconfirmed.
\r\n\r\nDenmark: 2 cases (one case close contact\r\nwith Haj pilgrims, the travel/contact history of the second case is not yet known)have\r\nbeen reported. N. meningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed.
\r\n\r\nFrance: 2 cases (close contacts with Haj pilgrims)\r\nhave been reported. N. meningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed.
\r\n\r\nNorway: 4 cases (2 contacts with Haj pilgrims) have\r\nbeen reported. N. meningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed.
\r\n\r\nSaudi Arabia: 109 cases (predominantly Haj pilgrims\r\nfrom outside Saudi Arabia) including 35 deaths have been reported between 9 February and\r\n22 March 2001. N. meningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed in more\r\nthan half of the cases.
\r\n\r\nSingapore: 4 cases (3 close contacts with Haj pilgrims,\r\n1 history of travel to Saudi Arabia), including 1 death have been reported. Two of the\r\ncases occurred in January 2001, before the main period of pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia. N.\r\nmeningitidis serogroup W135 has been laboratory confirmed.
\r\n\r\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland:\r\n41 cases (8 pilgrims returning from the Haj, 19 cases of close contacts and data\r\noutstanding on the remaining cases) including 11 deaths of laboratory confirmed invasive N.\r\nmeningitidis serogroup W135 have been reported.
\r\n\r\nMeningococcal disease. As with all types of\r\nmeningococcal disease, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. The symptoms of group\r\nW135 meningococcal disease are the same as for other groups of the disease: sudden onset\r\nof intense headache, high fever, nausea, and vomiting, photophobia and stiff neck. The\r\nmost severe clinical form of the disease, meningococcal septicaemia can be presented by\r\nabrupt onset, high fever, petechial rash or purpura.
\r\n\r\nWHO recommends that chemoprophylaxis be given to close\r\ncontacts of the cases, such as persons sleeping in the same dwelling. In most countries\r\nrifampicin is recommended.
\r\n\r\nIn preparation for the Umrah and the Haj seasons for next\r\nyear, the Ministry of Health of the Government of Saudi Arabia has notified the Ministries\r\nof Health of all countries from which pilgrims arrive, that the vaccination against\r\nmeningococcal meningitis with the quadrivalent vaccine (serogroups A,C, Y and W135) has\r\nbeen added to the health requirements for arrivals coming to the Umrah and Haj.
\r\n\r\nWHO encourages national reference laboratories to closely\r\nmonitor meningococcal disease.
\r\n\r\nIn order to fully identify and follow the epidemiological\r\nspread of the W135 strain, WHO encourages countries to send specimens to WHO Collaborating\r\nCentres for Meningococcal Infections. The Centres are:
\r\n\r\nInstitut de M\u00e9decine Tropicale du Service de Sant\u00e9 des\r\nArm\u00e9es
\r\nParc du Pharo, B.P. 46
\r\nF-13998 Marseille-Arm\u00e9es
\r\nFrance
\r\nDr. Pierre Nicolas
\r\nTel: +33 4 91 15 01 15
\r\nFax: +33 4 91 59 44 77
\r\nE-mail:imtssa.meningo@free.fr
\r\nWHO Collaborating Centre for Control of Epidemic Meningitis
\r\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
\r\nAtlanta, GA 30333
\r\nUnited States of America
\r\nDr. Tanja Popovic
\r\nTel: +1 404 639 17 30
\r\nFax: +1 404 639 31 23
\r\nE-mail: txp1@cdc.gov
\r\nWHO Collaboration Centre for Reference and Research on\r\nMeningococci
\r\nDepartment of Bacteriology
\r\nNational Institute of Public Health
\r\nPO Box 4404
\r\nTorshov
\r\nN-0403 Oslo
\r\nNorway
\r\nDr. Dominique Caugant
\r\nTel: + 47 22 04 23 11
\r\nFax: + 47 22 04 25 18
\r\nE-mail:dominique.caugant@folkehelsa.no
\r\nFor further information, please contact: outbreak@who.ch
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"2001 - Meningococcal disease, serogroup W135 - Update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2001_05_16-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2001-05-16T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2001_05_16-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:21:40Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:53:19Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:21:40Z","Id":"62de408e-2142-41d4-b76f-df511f20d1b6","FormattedDate":"16 May 2001"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n8 March 2006
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health in China has reported the country\u2019s 10th death from H5N1 avian influenza. The patient, a 9-year-old girl from the eastern province of Zhejiang, developed symptoms on 10 February and died on 6 March. This case was previously announced by Chinese authorities on 27 February, when the patient was listed as in critical condition.
\r\n\r\nTo date, China has reported 15 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. Of these, 10 have been fatal.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in China \u2013 update 7","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2006_03_08-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2006-03-08T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2006_03_08-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:52:12Z","PublicationDate":"2006-03-08T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:52:12Z","Id":"fd702542-99e4-45e2-8db2-45c63ba2d76c","FormattedDate":"8 March 2006"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n24 May 2003
\r\n\r\nSituation in Toronto
Health authorities in Canada have today informed WHO that two clusters of cases of respiratory illness are undergoing investigation for respiratory illness, including pneumonia. One cluster of 5 cases is associated with St John\u2019s Rehabilitation Hospital in Toronto. The second cluster of 26 cases, including 10 health care workers, is associated with North York General Hospital. One patient undergoing investigation has been linked to both hospitals.
\r\nAs a precaution, both clusters are being managed as possibly representing cases of SARS until proven otherwise. Results of laboratory, clinical and epidemiological investigations are expected early next week.
\r\n\r\nThe status of Toronto, which was removed last week from the WHO list of areas with recent local transmission, remains unchanged pending further information made available as the investigations progress.
\r\n\r\nUpdate on cases and countries
As of today, a cumulative total of 8141 probable cases with 696 deaths have been reported from 28 countries. This represents an increase of 89 new cases and 7 deaths when compared with yesterday. The new deaths occurred in China (5) and Hong Kong SAR (2).
\r\nAll of the new cases were reported from two outbreak sites, Taiwan and China. Taiwan has today reported 55 new cases, bringing the cumulative total to 538 cases and 60 deaths. China reported 34 new cases, bringing the cumulative total to 5309 cases and 308 deaths.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Update 65 - Situation in Toronto","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2003_05_24-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2003-05-24T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2003_05_24-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:00:57Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:02:16Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:00:57Z","Id":"1d4a76f3-b914-45c7-8c9f-e4e1bc6cba1a","FormattedDate":"24 May 2003"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n21 April 2000
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nThere have been a number of cases of meningococcal disease which are associated with\r\nreturnees from the Haj and their close contacts.
\r\n\r\nFrance- Update. The number of cases of meningococcal disease associated with\r\npilgrims who have travelled for the Haj has increased, and the total number of cases to\r\ndate is 14, including 4 deaths. Eleven of the confirmed cases were of meningococcal\r\nserogroup W135.
\r\n\r\nUnited Kingdom- Update. The number of cases of meningococcal disease linked to\r\npilgrims has increased, and is now 22 with 4 deaths. Twenty of the confirmed cases are of\r\nmeningococcal serogroup W135 and 1 of N. meningitidis serogroup A. The onset of the\r\nlast case of meningococcal disease reported to date (in a contact) was on 11 April.
\r\n\r\nOman. There have been 12 cases to date, all have recovered. Of these, 3 were\r\npilgrims (2 males aged 40 and 55 years and 1 female aged 60 years) returning from the Haj,\r\nand 9 cases were close contacts of those returned from the Haj. The ages of these patients\r\nranged from 6 months to 80 years. The date of onset of the first case was 20 March, and\r\nthe most recent case was reported on 6 April. Seven of the confirmed cases are of\r\nmeningococcal serogroup W135 and 2 of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A.
\r\n\r\nSaudi Arabia. A total of 199 cases with 55 deaths has been reported since the Haj\r\nlast month. Bacteriological investigations have revealed N. meningitidis serogroup\r\nA in 55 cases, serogroup W135 in 30 and serogroup B in 1 case. A record number of pilgrims\r\n(around 1.3 million) travelled to Saudi Arabia for the Haj this year, with an increase in\r\nthe number from South-East Asia. The health authorities are monitoring the situation\r\nclosely. Case management and contact tracing are taking place.
\r\n\r\nNetherlands. There have been 2 confirmed cases and 1 probable case of meningococcal\r\ndisease in close contacts of pilgrims returning from the Haj. The dates of onset in the\r\nconfirmed cases were 5 and 6 April. Serogroup W135 Neisseiria meningitidis has been\r\nisolated from both.
\r\n\r\nMeningococcal disease. As with all types of meningococcal disease, early diagnosis\r\nand treatment are essential. The symptoms of group W135 meningococcal disease are the same\r\nas for other groups of the disease: sudden onset of intense headache, high fever, nausea,\r\nand vomiting, photophobia and stiff neck. The most severe clinical form of the disease,\r\nmeningococcal septicaemia can be presented by abrupt onset, high fever, petechial rash or\r\npurpura.
\r\n\r\nWHO recommends that chemoprophylaxis be given to close contacts of the cases, such as\r\npersons sleeping in the same dwelling. In most countries rifampicin is recommended.\r\nImmunization against meningococcal disease A+C has been an entry requirement by Saudi\r\nArabia for pilgrims travelling to the Haj. However, the meningococcal A+C vaccine does not\r\nprotect against group W135 infection.
\r\n\r\nWHO encourages national reference laboratories to closely monitor meningococcal\r\ndisease.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"2000 - Meningococcal disease in Francen(Update), United Kingdom (Update), Oman, Saudi ARabia, Netherlands","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2000_04_21b-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2000-04-21T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2000_04_21b-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:12:07Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T11:09:38Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:12:07Z","Id":"24c375d7-bf30-4865-aac1-08d0fb78b769","FormattedDate":"21 April 2000"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n19 June 2003
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nFrom 28 April to 4 June 2003, a total of 73 laboratory-confirmed cholera cases have been reported in Iraq : 68 in Basra governorate, 4 in Missan governorate, 1 in Muthana governorate. No deaths have been reported.
\r\nFrom 17 May to 4 June 2003, the daily surveillance system of diarrhoeal disease cases in the four main hospitals of Basra reported a total of 1549 cases of acute watery diarrhea. Among these cases, 25.6 % occurred in patients aged 5 years and above.
\r\nThe water supply situation is critical. Short-term measures have been undertaken by UNICEF and local authorities to improve accessibility to safe drinking water and to limit the spread of water-borne epidemics.
\r\nWHO is supporting local authorities in implementing an early warning communicable disease surveillance system, in strengthening laboratory capacity and in coordinating the cholera outbreak response.
\r\n\r\nThe surveillance system is being expanded to the whole Lower South (all 4 governorates) and weekly reports from all facilities have begun.
\r\n\r\nUNICEF is also supporting the initiative by providing health education material in Arabic and chlorine tablets to all health directorates.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Cholera in Iraq - Update 3","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2003_06_17A-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2003-06-19T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2003_06_17A-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:02:51Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:01:30Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:02:51Z","Id":"ea78e382-c2a5-4a54-aa27-c1d97d43064f","FormattedDate":"19 June 2003"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n4 November 2010 -\r\nAn acute outbreak of poliomyelitis is occurring in the Republic of Congo, with 120 cases of acute flaccid paralysis and 58 deaths. Half the cases have been reported in the past ten days, with the first case occurring in early October. Two cases have been confirmed to have been caused by wild poliovirus type 1 and laboratory testing continues.
\r\n\r\nMost cases are in young adults: among those cases for which age data is available (43) at this time, 33 are between the ages of 15-25 years. Only one is under five years old, three are between 7 and 13 and five are between 26 and 58.
\r\n\r\nThe outbreak is due to imported poliovirus. Congo had recorded its last case of indigenous polio in 2000. Investigations are ongoing to determine definitively the origins of the virus.
\r\n\r\nNearly all cases have been reported from the port city of Pointe Noire, with cases also reported from Dolisie (2), Kayes, Bouenza, Brazzaville, and Mvouiti (one each).
\r\n\r\nThe Government of Congo has alerted the public to the outbreak and launched an emergency response plan, with support from key partners, including WHO, UNICEF and the US CDC. At least three nationwide vaccination campaigns are expected, using monovalent oral polio vaccine and targeting the entire population. The number, geographic extent and target age groups of further campaigns will be determined by the Government based on the evolving epidemiology. It is anticipated that a multi-country campaign will be required to cover bordering at-risk areas. New cases continue to be reported every day.
\r\n\r\nIt is important that countries across central Africa and the Horn of Africa strengthen AFP surveillance, in order to rapidly detect any poliovirus importations and facilitate a rapid response. Countries should also strengthen population immunity levels to minimise the consequences of any virus introduction. As per recommendations outlined in WHO's International Travel and Health, guidance travellers to and from Angola and DR Congo should be fully protected by vaccination.
\r\n\r\nGiven the recent progress achieved in Nigeria (98% reduction in cases this year compared to the same period in 2009), very high priority is being given to rapidly controlling persistent transmission such as in Angola and stopping new outbreaks such as Congo.
\r\nTo date, a total of 186 MERS-CoV cases, including 36 deaths, have been reported. One of the 186 cases is the case that was confirmed in China and also notified by the National IHR Focal Point of China.
The median age of the cases is 55 years old (ranging from 16 to 87 years old). The majority of cases are men (59%). Twenty-six cases (14%) are health care professionals. To date, all cases have been linked to a single chain of transmission and are associated with health care facilities.
Detailed information concerning MERS-CoV cases in the Republic of Korea can be found in a separate document (see related links).
Globally, since September 2012, WHO has been notified of 1,368 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including at least 490 related deaths.
Based on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for acute respiratory infections and to carefully review any unusual patterns.
Infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV in health care facilities. It is not always possible to identify patients with MERS-CoV early because, like other respiratory infections, the early symptoms of MERS-CoV are non-specific. Therefore, health-care workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all patients, regardless of their diagnosis. Droplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection; contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection; airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol generating procedures.
Until more is understood about MERS-CoV, people with diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons are considered to be at high risk of severe disease from MERS\u2010CoV infection. General hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing, should be adhered to.
WHO remains vigilant and is monitoring the situation. Given the lack of evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission in the community, WHO does not recommend travel or trade restrictions with regard to this event. Raising awareness about MERS-CoV among travellers to and from affected countries is good public health practice.
Public health authorities in host countries preparing for mass gatherings should ensure that all recommendations and guidance issued by WHO with respect to MERS-CoV have been appropriately taken into consideration and made accessible to all concerned officials. Public health authorities should plan for surge capacity to ensure that visitors during the mass gathering can be accommodated by health systems.
Due to the steep decline in case reporting, Disease Outbreak News concerning MERS-CoV in the Republic of Korea will no longer be published on a bi-weekly basis (on Tuesdays and Fridays). Future DONs will report additional cases should they arise.
The government of the Republic of Korea continues to implement intense case and contact management activities. As of 21 July, 5 contacts are being monitored.
\r\n20 February 2001
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nThe highest number of cases and the highest burden of this\r\ndisease occur in sub-Saharan Africa in an area that is referred to as the meningitis belt.\r\n This is the area between Senegal and Ethiopia and includes all or part of at least\r\n15 countries, with an estimated total population of approximately 300 million. Epidemics occur in seasonal\r\ncycles between the end of November and the end of June, depending on the location and\r\nclimate of the country and declines rapidly with the arrival of the rainy season.
\r\n\r\nWHO has reported a total number of 603 cases, including 45\r\ndeaths (case-fatality rate of 7.5%) in 4 d\u00e9partements in the north of Benin:\r\nAlibori, Borgou, Atacora and Donga, since January 2001. Neisseria meningitidis\r\nserogroup A has been confirmed. The Ministry of Health has initiated a mass vaccination\r\ncampaign in these d\u00e9partements.
\r\n\r\nFrom 25 December 2000 to 15 February 2001, a total of 798\r\ncases and 83 deaths (case-fatality rate of 10.4%) has been reported by WHO in 2\r\npr\u00e9fectures in southwestern Chad: Moyen-Chari and Longone Occidental. Neisseria\r\nmeningitidis serogroup A has been confirmed. A mass vaccination campaign is underway.
\r\n\r\nAs of 30 January 2001, WHO has reported an outbreak of\r\nmeningocccal disease in Ethiopia in 5 regions: Amhara, Gambella, Somali,\r\nTigray and Southern regions, with a total of 485 cases and 61 deaths. Neisseria\r\nmeningitidis serogroup A has been confirmed. The Ministry of Health has reinforced\r\nsurveillance and is carrying out vaccinations in the affected areas. The media is\r\nalso providing health education messages.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"2001 - Meningococcal disease in the African Meningitis Belt","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2001_02_20-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2001-02-20T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2001_02_20-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T05:59:32Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:54:09Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T05:59:32Z","Id":"06661b4a-3ee7-49ae-8c0e-0f51193a9dff","FormattedDate":"20 February 2001"},{"DonId":"2019DON111","Overview":"Currently, WHO finds the overall national public health risk associated with these four outbreaks to be very high. The risk of international spread, particularly to the neighboring countries also remains high due to the continuation of these outbreaks close to international borders. This risk is magnified by known population movements between the affected areas of Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Central African Republic, Zambia and South Sudan.
As of July 2018, in light of the epidemiology of the reported polio cases, genetic analyses of the isolated polioviruses, risk of further in-country and international spread, and the country’s response capacity, the outbreak has been graded as a Grade 2 public health emergency based on the WHO Emergency Response Framework.
The detection of cVDPV2s underscores the importance of maintaining high routine vaccination coverage to minimize the risk and consequences of poliovirus circulation. These events also highlight the risks posed by any low-level transmission of the virus. A robust outbreak response is necessary to impede further disease transmission, ensure sufficient vaccination coverage in the affected areas, and prevent similar outbreaks in the future. WHO will continue to monitor and evaluate the epidemiological situation and outbreak response measures being implemented.
It is important that all countries, in particular those with frequent travel and contacts with polio-affected countries and areas, strengthen surveillance for AFP cases in order to rapidly detect any new virus importation and to facilitate a rapid response. Countries, territories and areas should also maintain uniformly high routine immunization coverage at the district level to minimize the consequences of any new virus introduction.
WHO’s International Travel and Health recommends that all travelers to polio-affected areas be fully vaccinated against polio. Residents and visitors staying for more than four- weeks in affected areas should receive an additional dose of oral polio vaccine (OPV) or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) within four weeks to 12 months of travel. Efforts should also be made to ensure that individuals who received vaccinations are provided the appropriate documentation to record their vaccination status.
As per the advice of the Emergency Committee convened under the International Health Regulations (2005), efforts to limit the international spread of poliovirus must continue as it remains a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Countries affected by poliovirus transmission are subject to Temporary Recommendations. To comply with the Temporary Recommendations issued under the PHEIC, any country affected by poliovirus transmission should declare the outbreak as a national public health emergency.
At this time, WHO does not recommend any restrictions on travel and/or trade to the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the basis of the information available for the current cVDPV2 outbreaks.
Cross border activities should be conducted between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighboring countries to strengthen AFP surveillance and routine immunization as well as operations linked to the control of other vaccine preventable diseases. Direct and regular collaboration between neighboring provinces and districts should begin quickly awaiting formal administrative and political address.
","Response":"
In February 2018, the government declared cVDPV2 to be a national public health emergency. On 26 July 2018, the Minister of Health, WHO Director General, the Regional Director for Africa, and provincial governors convened an urgent, high-level meeting and signed the ‘Kinshasa Declaration for Polio Eradication’. Provincial governors pledged to provide the necessary oversight, accountability and resources required to urgently improve the quality of the outbreak response being implemented across the country. It is imperative that the remaining operational gaps in outbreak response are urgently filled with the appropriate oversight and engagement.
WHO and partners are responding in accordance with international outbreak response protocols including through administration of monovalent oral polio vaccine type 2 (mOPV2). However, operational gaps such as the under-immunization of high-risk populations, continue to hamper the full implementation of these protocols. Thus, the response so far has not adequately controlled the outbreak nor prevented its spread. The recent emergence of the fourth outbreak of cVDPV2 from Haut Katanga can potentially be attributed to the prior use of mOPV2 and may be related to the response program’s current limited capacity to adapt effectively and implement necessary corrective measures in a timely manner.
With the evidence of geographic spread of some of these strains and emergence of the new strain, two large scale rounds of mOPV2 were administered in September 2018 and October 2018 targeting around 12 million children in 16 of 26 provinces of the country. Surveillance and immunization activities continue to be strengthened in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighboring countries.
The polio outbreak response is being conducted simultaneously to the ongoing Ebola outbreak affecting North Kivu province to the east of the country. Polio outbreak response teams are coordinating closely with the broader humanitarian emergency network, to ensure both outbreaks are addressed in a coordinated manner.
\r\n15 February 2007
\r\n\r\nThe Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population has announced a new human case of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection. The case was confirmed by the Egyptian Central Public Health Laboratory and by the US Naval Medical Research Unit No.3 (NAMRU-3).
\r\n\r\nThe 37-year-old female from Fayyoum Governorate was admitted to hospital with symptoms on 12 February 2007 and her condition remains stable. She was involved in the slaughter and defeathering of sick birds one week prior to the onset of illness.
\r\n\r\nOf the 21 cases confirmed to date in Egypt, 12 have been fatal.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza - situation in Egypt - update 4","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2007_02_15-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2007-02-15T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2007_02_15-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:52:54Z","PublicationDate":"2007-02-15T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:52:54Z","Id":"0e9e77a1-3297-4088-a1dc-d97190c6c06c","FormattedDate":"15 February 2007"},{"DonId":"2005DON106","Overview":"From 27 September 2004 - 11 January 2005, WHO has received reports of a total of 42 564 cases and 214 deaths (case fatality ratio, 0.5%), and 696 severe cases of intestinal perforation in Kinshasa. (see previous report).
Médecins sans Frontières-Belgium has been working to provide clean water. With this provision and other control measures including health education activities, the number of cases appears to be declining.
","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"Typhoid fever - Democratic Republic of the Congo","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Typhoid fever - Democratic Republic of the Congo","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2005DON106","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2005-01-19T11:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2005DON106","Epidemiology":"","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2024-05-21T07:49:00Z","PublicationDate":"2024-03-12T22:25:16Z","LastModified":"2024-05-21T07:49:00Z","Id":"773bf2b8-1e60-4d96-9ddc-e42616ae5161","FormattedDate":"19 January 2005"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"Disease outbreak news \r\n
\r\n\r\n26 November 2013 -\r\nA total of 17 cases due to wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) have been confirmed in the Syrian Arab Republic. In addition to 15 cases confirmed in Deir Al Zour province, two additional cases have been confirmed, one each in rural Damascus and Aleppo, confirming widespread circulation of the virus. The case with most recent onset developed paralysis on 8 October 2013.
\r\n\r\nA comprehensive outbreak response continues to be implemented across the region. Seven countries and territories are holding mass polio vaccination campaigns targeting 22 million children under the age of five years. In a joint resolution, all countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region have declared polio eradication to be an emergency, calling for support in negotiating and establishing access to those children who are currently unreached with polio vaccination. WHO and UNICEF are committed to work with all organizations and agencies providing humanitarian assistance to Syrians affected by the conflict to ensure all Syrian children are vaccinated no matter where they live.
\r\n\r\nIt is anticipated that outbreak response will need to continue for at least six to eight months, depending on the area and based on evolving epidemiology.
\r\n\r\nGiven the current situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, frequent population movements across the region and subnational immunity gaps in key areas, the risk of further spread of wild poliovirus across the region is considered to be high. A surveillance alert has been issued for the region to actively search for additional potential cases in addition to implementing the recommended supplementary immunization activities with oral polio vaccine.
\r\n\r\n6 May 2010 -\r\nThe Ministry of Health of Indonesia has announced two new confirmed cases of human infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus. A 45-year-old female from the city of Malang in East Java province developed symptoms on 22 February. She recovered and is in a healthy condition. The case disposed of dead chickens in the 4 days before onset of symptoms.
\r\n\r\nThe second case, a 4-year-old female from the city of Pekanbaru in Riau province developed symptoms on 19 April, was hospitalized on 22 April but died on 28 April. Investigations into the source of infection are ongoing.\r\n
\r\n\r\nLaboratory tests on both cases confirmed infection with the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
\r\n\r\nOf the 165 cases confirmed to date in Indonesia, 136 have been fatal.\r\n
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in Indonesia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2010_05_06-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2010-05-06T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2010_05_06-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:35:24Z","PublicationDate":"2010-05-06T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:35:24Z","Id":"f67025ad-f02c-48a1-9469-1d0c91945efb","FormattedDate":"6 May 2010"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n4 October 2012 -\r\nThe Ministry of Health (MoH), Uganda has declared today, the end of the Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak in Kibaale district. The last case was confirmed on 3 August 2012 and was discharged from the hospital on 24 August 2012. This is double the maximum incubation period (21 days) for Ebola as recommended by WHO. In the outbreak, a total of 24 probable and confirmed cases were recorded, of which 11 were laboratory confirmed by the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) in Entebbe. A total of 17 deaths were reported in this outbreak.
\r\n\r\nNational and District Ebola Task Forces were coordinated by the MoH to respond to the outbreak. MoH worked closely with WHO and other agencies which included the African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET), EMESCO Foundation (a local NGO), Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS), M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), US Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), US Agency for International Development (USAID). WHO also coordinated with the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) to support the response operations.
\r\n\r\nThe response activities carried out during the outbreak included enhanced surveillance for early case detection and contact tracing, reinforcement of infection prevention and control including case management in isolation facilities using barrier nursing and conducting supervised safe burials, reinforcement of standard precautions in health care settings and enhancing communication interventions at the national and community levels.
\r\n\r\nA team led by CDC conducted ecological studies in Kibaale district to try and understand the likely source and route of transmission of the virus. Samples from bats, primates and livestock were collected to study the possible source of the Ebola virus and putative initial human infection from wildlife.
\r\n\r\nThe Ebola response teams have continued to educate the community on prevention, detection of and early reporting of any suspected cases in future. Health workers in the district have been trained on prevention of health care associated infections.
\r\n\r\nWHO does not recommend that any travel or trade restrictions be applied to the Uganda with respect to this event.
\r\n\r\nThere are five identified subtypes of Ebola virus. The subtypes have been named after the location where they were been first detected in EHF outbreaks. Three subtypes of the five have been associated with large EHF outbreaks in Africa. Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan and Ebola-Bundibugyo. EHF is a febrile haemorrhagic illness which causes death in 25-90% of all cases. The Ebola Reston species, found in the Philippines, can infect humans, but no illness or death in humans has been reported to date.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"End of Ebola outbreak in Uganda","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2012_10_04-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2012-10-04T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2012_10_04-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:21:43Z","PublicationDate":"2012-10-04T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:21:43Z","Id":"1a485ea2-2254-428e-b8c0-2e8076fcf258","FormattedDate":"4 October 2012"},{"DonId":"2012-DON9","Overview":"Between 31 October and 8 December 2017, the National IHR Focal Point of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reported 18 additional cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, including five deaths. Additionally, two deaths from a previously reported case were reported to WHO.
Detailed information concerning the cases reported can be found in a separate document (see link below).
The 18 cases of MERS-CoV infection reported during this time period are from three regions of the country. At the time of writing, among the 18 cases reported, five reported contact with dromedaries and one is a close contact of a known case. Investigations into the source of infection for each case, including direct and/or indirect contact with dromedaries, are ongoing.
Globally, 2121 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV including at least 740 related deaths have been reported to WHO.
See MERS-CoV maps and epicurvesInfection with MERS-CoV can cause severe disease resulting in high mortality. Humans are infected with MERS-CoV from direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has demonstrated the ability to transmit between humans. So far, the observed non-sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred mainly in health care settings.
The notification of additional cases does not change the overall risk assessment. WHO expects that additional cases of MERS-CoV infection will be reported from the Middle East, and that cases will continue to be exported to other countries by individuals who might acquire the infection after exposure to animals or animal products (for example, following contact with dromedaries) or human source (for example, in a health care setting). WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conducts risk assessment based on the latest available information.
","Advice":"Based on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for acute respiratory infections and to carefully review any unusual patterns.
Infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV in health care facilities. It is not always possible to identify patients with MERS-CoV early because, like other respiratory infections, the early symptoms of MERS-CoV are non-specific. Therefore, health care workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all patients, regardless of their diagnosis. Droplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection; contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection; airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol generating procedures.
Community and household awareness of MERS and MERS prevention measures in the home may reduce household transmission and prevent community clusters.
Until more is understood about MERS-CoV, people with diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons are considered to be at high risk of severe disease from MERS-CoV infection. Therefore, in addition to avoiding close contact with suspected or confirmed human cases of the disease, people with these conditions should avoid close contact with animals, particularly camels, when visiting farms, markets, or barn areas where the virus is known to be or potentially circulating. General hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals, should be adhered to.
Food hygiene practices should be observed. People should avoid drinking raw camel milk or camel urine, or eating meat that has not been properly cooked.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
","OverrideTitle":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) \u2013 Saudi Arabia","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) \u2013 Saudi Arabia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/19-december-2017-mers-saudi-arabia-en","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2017-12-19T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"The source of infection for each case reported is under investigation by the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture (when dromedaries are involved) in Saudi Arabia. The Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health has identified and is following up health care workers and household contacts of known MERS patients.
Disease outbreak news \r\n
\r\n\r\n17 December 2013 -\r\nOn 15 and 16 December 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission, China notified WHO of two new laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.
\r\n\r\nThe first patient is a 39-year-old man from Guangdong Province. He became ill on 6 December 2013 and was admitted to hospital on 11 December 2013. He is currently in critical condition.
\r\n\r\nThe second patient is a 65-year-old woman from Guangdong Province. She was exposed to live poultry and became ill on 11 December 2013 and was admitted to hospital on 15 December 2013. She is currently in critical condition.
\r\n\r\nSo far, there is no evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission.
\r\n\r\nThe Chinese government continues to take the following surveillance and control measures:
\r\n\r\nWHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it currently recommend any travel or trade restrictions.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus \u2013 update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2013_12_17influenza-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2013-12-17T00:00:00Z","Summary":"On 15 and 16 December 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission, China notified WHO of two new laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. ","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2013_12_17influenza-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:20:23Z","PublicationDate":"2013-12-17T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:20:23Z","Id":"1eecd381-7ecb-4366-8c31-2a51be60daed","FormattedDate":"17 December 2013"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n09 January 1997
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nThe latest report from Gabon informs that a total of 58 cases with 43 deaths had\r\noccurred in the outbreak up to 8 January. The last fatal case occurred on 8 January. One patient\r\nis still hospitalized and 14 have recovered.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"1997 - Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon (new outbreak) - Update 12","ItemDefaultUrl":"/1997_01_09b-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"1997-01-08T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"1997_01_09b-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T06:53:05Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-08T13:32:24Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T06:53:05Z","Id":"4578da21-2c58-4177-a28a-d3c6cc0a1a14","FormattedDate":"8 January 1997"},{"DonId":"2018-DON89","Overview":"Among these 32 cases, 12 cases were part of five distinct clusters (one health care and four household clusters). The details of these clusters are described below and detailed information concerning the cases reported can be found in a separate document (see link below).
From 2012 through 16 September 2018, the total global number of laboratory-confirmed MERS cases reported to WHO is 2254 and 800 associated deaths.
The global number reflects the total number of laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO under IHR 2005 to date. The total number of deaths includes the deaths that WHO is aware of to date through follow-up with affected member states.
Infection with MERS-CoV can cause severe disease resulting in high mortality. Humans are infected with MERS-CoV from direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has demonstrated the ability to transmit between humans. So far, the observed non-sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred mainly in health care settings.
The notification of additional cases does not change the overall risk assessment. WHO expects that additional cases of MERS-CoV infection will be reported from the Middle East, and that cases will continue to be exported to other countries by individuals who might acquire the infection after exposure to animals or animal products (for example, following contact with camels) or human source (for example, in a health care setting). WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conducts risk assessment based on the latest available information.
Based on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for acute respiratory infections and to carefully review any unusual patterns. Infection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV in health care facilities. It is not always possible to identify patients with MERS-CoV early because like other respiratory infections, the early symptoms of MERS-CoV are non-specific. Therefore, health care workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all patients, regardless of their diagnosis. Droplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection; contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection; airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol generating procedures.
MERS-CoV causes more severe disease in people with underlying chronic conditions such as diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons. Therefore, these people should avoid close contact with animals, particularly camels, when visiting farms, markets, or barn areas where the virus is known to be potentially circulating. General hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals, should be adhered to.
Food hygiene practices should be observed. People should avoid drinking raw camel milk or camel urine, or eating meat that has not been properly cooked.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
","OverrideTitle":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) \u2013 Saudi Arabia","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) \u2013 Saudi Arabia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/03-october-2018-mers-saudi-arabia-en","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2018-10-03T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"Infection with MERS-CoV can cause severe disease resulting in high mortality. Humans are infected with MERS-CoV from direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels. MERS-CoV has demonstrated the ability to transmit between humans. So far, the observed non-sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred mainly in health care settings.
The notification of additional cases does not change the overall risk assessment. WHO expects that additional cases of MERS-CoV infection will be reported from the Middle East, and that cases will continue to be exported to other countries by individuals who might acquire the infection after exposure to animals or animal products (for example, following contact with camels) or human source (for example, in a health care setting). WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conducts risk assessment based on the latest available information.
Since the last Disease Outbreaks News on MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia published on 7 April 2022, the IHR National Focal Point of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has reported four additional cases, with no associated deaths.
Between 29 December 2021 and 31 October 2022, four cases of locally acquired Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection were reported from Riyadh (two cases), Gassim (one case), and Makka Al Mukarramah (one case) regions (Figure 1). Laboratory confirmation of the cases was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
All the cases were non-health-care workers, who presented with fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and had comorbidities. Three of the cases had a history of contact with dromedary camels and consumption of their raw milk in the 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Three of the cases were male and the overall age range is 23 to 74-year-old.
Since the first report of MERS-CoV in 2012, a total of 2600 cases with 935 associated deaths have been reported from 27 countries, in all six WHO regions. The majority of MERS-CoV cases (n=2193; 84%) resulting in 854 deaths, have been reported from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Geographical distribution of MERS-CoV cases between 29 December 2021 – 31 October 2022 by city and region, Saudi Arabia (n=4).
Table 1. MERS-CoV cases reported between 29 December 2021 – 31 October 2022
![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/0-do-not-upload-here/tabmersyosef.jpg?sfvrsn=59a946d6_6\") |
|---|
Figure 2: Distribution of cases and deaths from MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia from 2013 to 20221![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/epicurvemersyosef.jpg?sfvrsn=c46c67da_9\")
Between September 2012 and 17 October 2022, the total number of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV infection cases reported globally to WHO is 2600 with 935 associated deaths. Most of these cases have occurred in countries in the Arabian Peninsula. There has been one large outbreak outside of the Middle East in May 2015, during which 186 laboratory-confirmed cases (185 in the Republic of Korea and 1 in China) and 38 deaths were reported, however, the index case in that outbreak had a travel history to the Middle East. The global number reflects the total number of laboratory-confirmed cases reported to WHO under IHR (2005) to date. The total number of deaths includes the deaths that WHO is aware of to date through follow-up with affected Member States.
The notification of the four cases does not change the overall risk assessment. WHO expects that additional cases of MERS-CoV infection will be reported from the Middle East and/or other countries where MERS-CoV is circulating in dromedaries, and that cases will continue to be exported to other countries by individuals who were exposed to the virus through contact with dromedaries or their products (for example, consumption of camel’s raw milk), or in a healthcare setting. WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conducts risk assessments based on the latest available information.
The number of MERS-CoV cases reported to WHO has substantially declined since the beginning of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This is likely the result of epidemiological surveillance activities for COVID-19 being prioritized, resulting in reduced testing and detection of MERS-CoV cases. In addition, measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission (e.g. mask-wearing, hand hygiene, physical distancing, improving the ventilation of indoor spaces, respiratory etiquette, stay-at-home orders, reduced mobility) are also likely reduce opportunities for onward human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV. However, the circulation of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels is not likely to have been impacted by these measures. Therefore, while the number of reported secondary cases of MERS has been reduced, the risk of zoonotic transmission remains.
","Advice":"Based on the current situation and available information, WHO re-emphasizes the importance of strong surveillance by all Member States for acute respiratory infections, including MERS-CoV, and to carefully investigate any unusual patterns.
Human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV in healthcare settings has been associated with delays in recognizing the early symptoms of MERS-CoV infection, slow triage of suspected cases and delays in implementing infection, prevention and control (IPC) measures. IPC measures are therefore critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV between people in health care facilities. Healthcare workers should always apply standard precautions consistently with all patients, at every interaction in healthcare settings. Droplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection; contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection; airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol-generating procedures or in settings where aerosol-generating procedures are conducted. Early identification, case management and isolation of cases, follow-up and quarantine of contacts, together with appropriate IPC measures in health care setting and public health awareness can prevent human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV.
MERS-CoV appears to cause more severe disease in people with underlying chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons. Therefore, people with these underlying medical conditions should avoid close contact with animals, particularly dromedaries, when visiting farms, markets, race tracks or slaughterhouses where the virus may be circulating. General hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals and avoiding contact with sick animals, should be adhered to.
Food hygiene practices should be observed. People should avoid handling or consuming raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat that has not been properly cooked.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry regarding this event, nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
","OverrideTitle":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus \u2013 Saudi Arabia","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus \u2013Saudi Arabia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2022-DON422","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2022-11-16T19:00:27Z","Summary":"From 29 December 2021 to 31 October 2022, four laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported to WHO by the Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. No deaths were reported. Household contacts for the four cases were followed-up by the Ministry of Health, and no secondary cases were identified. The notification of these cases reiterates the need for global awareness of MERS-CoV but does not change the overall risk assessment. ","FurtherInformation":"Citable reference: World Health Organization (16 November 2022). Disease Outbreak News; Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Saudi Arabia. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON422
","Response":"Follow-up of the household contacts was conducted for all four cases, and no secondary cases were identified.
For the three cases reporting contact with camels, the Ministry of Agriculture was informed, and an investigation of camels was conducted. The identified positive camels were isolated.
The Ministry of Health of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is working to improve testing capacities for better detection of MERS-CoV during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
","UrlName":"2022-DON422","Epidemiology":"Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory infection caused by a coronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Approximately 36% of patients with MERS have died, but this may be an overestimate of the true mortality rate, as mild cases of MERS-CoV may be missed by existing surveillance systems, with case fatality rates counted only amongst the laboratory-confirmed cases.
Humans are infected with MERS-CoV from direct or indirect contact with dromedary camels who are the natural host and zoonotic source of the virus. MERS-CoV has demonstrated the ability to transmit between humans. So far, the observed non-sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts and in healthcare settings. Outside of the healthcare setting, there has been limited human-to-human transmission.
MERS-CoV infections range from showing no symptoms (asymptomatic) or mild respiratory symptoms to severe acute respiratory disease and death. A typical presentation of MERS-CoV disease is fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia is a common finding, but not always present. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have also been reported. Severe illness can cause respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation and support in an intensive care unit. The virus appears to cause more severe disease in older people, persons with weakened immune systems and those with comorbidities or chronic diseases such as renal disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes.
No vaccine or specific treatment is currently available, although several MERS-CoV-specific vaccines and treatments are in development. Treatment is supportive and based on the patient’s clinical condition and symptoms.
","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2022-11-16T20:09:42Z","PublicationDate":"2022-11-16T20:09:42Z","LastModified":"2024-01-30T09:31:16Z","Id":"259d6f9b-52ed-4c98-b23c-0fab82b0c39d","FormattedDate":"16 November 2022"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n
29 June 2009 09:00 GMT
\r\nThe breakdown of the number of laboratory-confirmed cases is given in the following table and map.
\r\n\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n \r\nCountry,\r\nterritory and area \r\nCumulative total \r\nNewly confirmed since the last reporting period \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nCases \r\nDeaths \r\nCases \r\nDeaths \r\n\r\n \r\nAlgeria \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nAntigua and Barbuda \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nArgentina \r\n1488 \r\n23 \r\n97 \r\n2 \r\n\r\n \r\nAustralia \r\n4038 \r\n7 \r\n758 \r\n4 \r\n\r\n \r\nAustria \r\n12 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBahamas \r\n4 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBahrain \r\n15 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBangladesh \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBarbados \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBelgium \r\n43 \r\n0 \r\n7 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBermuda, UKOT \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBolivia \r\n126 \r\n0 \r\n79 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBrazil \r\n452 \r\n0 \r\n53 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBritish Virgin Islands,\r\nUKOT \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBrunei Darussalam \r\n29 \r\n0 \r\n18 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nBulgaria \r\n7 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCambodia \r\n6 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCanada \r\n7775 \r\n21 \r\n1043 \r\n2 \r\n\r\n \r\nCap Verde \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCayman Islands, UKOT \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nChile \r\n5186 \r\n7 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nChina \r\n1442 \r\n0 \r\n353 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nColombia \r\n88 \r\n2 \r\n16 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCosta Rica \r\n255 \r\n1 \r\n33 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCote d'Ivoire \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCuba \r\n34 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCyprus \r\n25 \r\n0 \r\n16 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nCzech Republic \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nDenmark \r\n44 \r\n0 \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nDominica \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nDominican Republic \r\n108 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nEcuador \r\n125 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nEgypt \r\n50 \r\n0 \r\n7 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nEl Salvador \r\n226 \r\n0 \r\n66 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nEstonia \r\n13 \r\n0 \r\n5 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nEthiopia \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nFiji \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nFinland \r\n26 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nFrance \r\n235 \r\n0 \r\n44 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nFrench Polynesia, FOC \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nMartinique, FOC \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nGermany \r\n366 \r\n0 \r\n33 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nGreece \r\n86 \r\n0 \r\n13 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nGuatemala \r\n254 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nHonduras \r\n118 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nHungary \r\n8 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIceland \r\n4 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIndia \r\n64 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIndonesia \r\n8 \r\n0 \r\n6 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIran \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIraq \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIreland \r\n39 \r\n0 \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nIsrael \r\n469 \r\n0 \r\n64 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nItaly \r\n112 \r\n0 \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nJamaica \r\n21 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nJapan \r\n1212 \r\n0 \r\n163 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nJordan \r\n18 \r\n0 \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nKorea, Republic of \r\n202 \r\n0 \r\n60 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nKuwait \r\n30 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nLaos \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nLatvia \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nLebanon \r\n25 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nLithuania \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nLuxembourg \r\n4 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nMalaysia \r\n112 \r\n0 \r\n44 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nMexico \r\n8279 \r\n116 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nMonaco \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nMontenegro \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nMorocco \r\n11 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nNepal \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nNetherlands \r\n118 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nNetherlands Antilles, Cura\u00e7ao * \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nNetherlands Antilles, Sint Maarten \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nNew Zealand \r\n587 \r\n0 \r\n134 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nNicaragua \r\n277 \r\n0 \r\n12 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nNorway \r\n31 \r\n0 \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nOman \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPanama \r\n403 \r\n0 \r\n45 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPapua New Guinea \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nParaguay \r\n85 \r\n0 \r\n6 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPeru \r\n360 \r\n0 \r\n108 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPhilippines \r\n861 \r\n1 \r\n416 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPoland \r\n14 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nPortugal \r\n11 \r\n0 \r\n4 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nQatar \r\n10 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nRomania \r\n24 \r\n0 \r\n5 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nRussia \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSamoa \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSaudi Arabia \r\n69 \r\n0 \r\n21 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSerbia \r\n5 \r\n0 \r\n3 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSingapore \r\n599 \r\n0 \r\n284 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSlovakia \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSlovenia \r\n4 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSouth Africa \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSpain \r\n541 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSri Lanka \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSuriname \r\n11 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSweden \r\n67 \r\n0 \r\n6 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nSwitzerland \r\n49 \r\n0 \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nThailand \r\n774 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nTrinidad and Tobago \r\n53 \r\n0 \r\n28 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nTunisia \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nTurkey \r\n27 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nUkraine \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nUnited Arab Emirates \r\n8 \r\n0 \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nUnited Kingdom \r\n4250 \r\n1 \r\n653 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nGuernsey, Crown Dependency \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nIsle of Man, Crown Dependency \r\n1 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\n \r\nJersey, Crown Dependency \r\n8 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nUnited States of America \r\n27717 \r\n127 \r\n6268 \r\n40 \r\n\r\n \r\nUruguay \r\n195 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nVanuatu \r\n2 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nVenezuela \r\n172 \r\n0 \r\n19 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nViet Nam \r\n84 \r\n0 \r\n21 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nWest Bank and Gaza Strip \r\n9 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nYemen \r\n6 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n0 \r\n\r\n \r\nGrand Total \r\n70893 \r\n311 \r\n11079 \r\n48 \r\n
\r\nUKOT: United Kingdom Overseas Territory\r\n
FOC: French Overseas Collectivity\r\n
OT: Overseas Territory\r\n
\r\nNetherlands Antilles, Cura\u00e7ao *: 3 confirmed cases: The three confirmed cases are crew members of a cruise ship. They did not leave the boat during their illness nor during the 24 hours preceding the onset of symptoms.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Influenza A(H1N1) - update 55","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2009_06_29-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2009-06-29T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2009_06_29-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:01:35Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-04T11:23:33Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:01:35Z","Id":"5f0ef10e-d106-48f7-858d-e702ef1a16f2","FormattedDate":"29 June 2009"},{"DonId":"2023-DON456","Overview":"On 27 March 2023, the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China notified WHO of one confirmed case of human infection with an avian influenza A(H3N8) virus. The patient was a 56-year-old female from Guangdong province with an onset of illness on 22 February 2023. She was hospitalized for severe pneumonia on 3 March 2023 and subsequently died on 16 March 2023.
The case was detected through the severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance system. The patient had multiple underlying conditions. She had a history of exposure to live poultry before the onset of the disease, and a history of wild bird presence around her home. No close contacts of the case developed an infection or symptoms of illness at the time of reporting.
Environmental samples were collected from the patient's residence and the wet market where the patient spent time before the onset of illness. The results of testing showed that the samples collected from the wet market were positive for influenza A(H3).
","Assessment":"Avian influenza A(H3N8) viruses are commonly detected globally in animals. Influenza A(H3N8) viruses are some of the most commonly found subtypes in birds, causing little to no sign of disease in either domestic poultry or wild birds. Cross-species transmission of A(H3N8) avian influenza viruses has been reported for various mammal species, including being endemic in dogs and horses.
This is the third reported human infection with A(H3N8) from China. Two previous cases were reported in April and May 2022. One of the previous cases developed a critical illness, while the other had a mild illness. Both cases likely acquired infection from direct or indirect exposure to infected poultry. So far, no additional cases linked with this case, nor the previous cases, have been reported. According to reports from health officials, the preliminary epidemiological investigation into this event suggests that exposure to a live poultry market may have been the cause of infection. However, it is still unclear what the exact source of this infection is and how this virus is related to other avian influenza A(H3N8) viruses that are circulating in animals. To better understand the current risk to public health, more information is needed from both human and animal investigation.
The transmission of avian influenza viruses from birds to humans is usually sporadic and happens in a specific context: most human infections with avian influenza viruses that have been reported previously were due to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments. Since avian influenza viruses continue to be detected in poultry populations, further sporadic human cases are expected in the future.
The available epidemiological and virological information suggests that avian influenza A(H3N8) viruses do not have the capacity for sustained transmission among humans. Therefore, the current assessment is that the likelihood of human-to-human spread is low. However, due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect virologic, epidemiologic and clinical changes associated with circulating influenza viruses which may affect human (or animal) health.
","Advice":"To minimize the risk of infection, countries should increase public awareness of the importance of avoiding contact with high-risk environments such as live animal markets/farms, live poultry, or surfaces that may be contaminated by poultry or bird faeces. It is recommended to maintain good hand hygiene by frequently washing hands or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer and wearing respiratory protection when in a risky environment.
Given the observed extent and frequency of avian influenza cases in wild birds and some wild mammals, the public should avoid contact with animals that are sick or dead from unknown causes and should report the occurrence to the authorities.
Travellers to countries with known outbreaks of animal influenza should avoid farms, contact with animals in live animal markets, entering areas where animals may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with animal faeces or other body fluids. Travellers should also wash their hands often with soap and water and follow good food safety and good food hygiene practices.
WHO advises against the application of travel or trade restrictions based on the information available at this time.
Influenza viruses are constantly evolving and large outbreaks occur among animal populations, which is why WHO stresses the importance of global surveillance to detect any changes in virology, epidemiology, and clinical patterns associated with emerging or circulating influenza viruses, which may pose a threat to human or animal health. Collaboration between the animal and human health sectors is essential. As the extent of influenza viruses circulation in animals is not clear, epidemiologic and virologic surveillance and the follow-up of suspected human cases should continue systematically. Timely sharing of information is critical for risk assessment.
The variety of zoonotic influenza viruses that have led to human infections is worrying and demands increased surveillance in both animal and human populations, as well as a comprehensive examination of each zoonotic infection, and planning for pandemics. To prevent a viral mutation that could make human-to-human transmission easier, poultry workers have been recommended to receive seasonal influenza vaccination.
If a human infection with a novel influenza virus that has pandemic potential, such as avian influenza, is confirmed or suspected, even before receiving confirmatory laboratory results, contact tracing should be immediately initiated. A thorough epidemiological investigation should be conducted, including a history of travel and exposure to animals . The investigation should also involve early identification of unusual clusters of respiratory disease that could indicate person-to-person transmission of the novel virus. Clinical samples collected from the time and place that the case occurred should be tested, and then sent to a WHO Collaborating Centre for further characterization.
Close analysis of the epidemiological situation, further characterization of the most recent viruses found in humans and poultry, and serological investigations, are critical to assess risk and to adjust risk management measures in a timely manner.
Under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), States Parties are required to immediately notify WHO of any laboratory-confirmed case of human infection caused by a new subtype of influenza virus. Investigation, virus sharing, and genetic and antigenic characterization of every human infection are essential.
This event does not change the current recommendations from WHO for public health measures and surveillance of influenza.
","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian Influenza A(H3N8)","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2023-DON456","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2023-04-11T18:00:00Z","Summary":"On 27 March 2023, the National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China notified WHO of one confirmed case of human infection with an avian influenza A(H3N8) virus. This is the third reported case of human infection with an avian influenza A(H3N8) virus; all three cases have been reported from China.\r\n\r\nEpidemiological investigation and close contact tracing have been carried out. There have been no other cases found among close contacts of the infected individual.\r\n\r\nBased on available information, it appears that this virus does not have the ability to spread easily from person to person, and therefore the risk of it spreading among humans at the national, regional, and international levels is considered to be low. However, due to the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO stresses the importance of global surveillance to detect virological, epidemiological and clinical changes associated with circulating influenza viruses which may affect human (or animal) health. ","FurtherInformation":"Citable reference: World Health Organization (11 April 2023). Disease Outbreak News; Avian Influenza A (H3N8) – China. Available at https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON456
","Response":"The Chinese government has taken the following monitoring, prevention, and control measures:
Zoonotic influenza infections in humans may be asymptomatic or may cause disease. Depending on factors related to the specific virus and the infected host, disease can range from conjunctivitis or mild flu-like symptoms to severe acute respiratory disease or even death. Gastrointestinal or neurological symptoms have been reported but these are rare.
Human cases of infection with avian influenza viruses are usually the result of direct or indirect exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments.
","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2023-04-11T13:10:25Z","PublicationDate":"2023-04-11T13:10:25Z","LastModified":"2024-01-25T10:15:23Z","Id":"673e3edb-ef57-49cb-96a3-072f623fada3","FormattedDate":"11 April 2023"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"Disease Outbreak News\r\n
\r\n\r\n15 May 2014 -\r\nThe following cases of laboratory confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been reported from Jordan, Lebanon, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States of America.
\r\n\r\nOn 14 May 2014, the National IHR Focal Point for the Netherlands notified WHO of the first laboratory confirmed case of MERS-CoV infection in the Netherlands. The patient is a 70 year-old male citizen of the Netherlands, with travel history to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between 26 April 2014 and 10 May 2014.
\r\n\r\nThe patient developed first symptoms on 1 May 2014 while in Medina, Saudi Arabia. He was evaluated at an emergency care department in Mecca on 6 May and given antibiotics; he did not have respiratory symptoms while in Saudi Arabia. On return to the Netherlands, on 10 May, his condition deteriorated, including development of respiratory symptoms, and he was hospitalized on the same day. On 13 May, he tested positive for MERS-CoV. Currently, the patient is in the ICU in a stable condition.
\r\n\r\nThe patient reports no contact with animals or consumption of raw animal products. Identification of close contacts, including flight contacts has been initiated.
\r\n\r\nOn 12 May 2014, the United States IHR National Focal Point reported the second laboratory confirmed MERS-CoV infection in the United States in a male health-care worker in his 40s, who lives and works in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
\r\n\r\nHe travelled to the United States from Jeddah on 1 May 2014 on commercial flights via London Heathrow with travel from London to Boston, Massachusetts; from Boston to Atlanta, Georgia; and from Atlanta to Orlando, Florida.
\r\n\r\nHe began feeling unwell on 1 May 2014 on the flight from Jeddah to London with a low-grade fever, chills, and a slight cough. On 9 May 2014, he was seen in an emergency room and hospitalized. The patient is in a stable condition.
\r\n\r\nThe Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ) from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to work with local, state, and international partners, as well as with the airlines to obtain the passenger manifests from the flights to help identify, locate, and interview contacts.
\r\n\r\nOn 11 May 2014, the National IHR Focal Point of the United Arab Emirates reported nine additional MERS-CoV cases residing in Abu Dhabi. Two are UAE nationals, one is an Omani national, and six are of different nationalities but residing in Abu Dhabi.
\r\n\r\nOn 8 May 2014, the National IHR Focal Point for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) reported an additional four laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV.
\r\n\r\nOne additional case not previously reported was provided to WHO on 8 April 2014 by the National IHR Focal Point for UAE:
\r\n\r\nPublic health authorities continued to carry out contact tracing and an epidemiological investigation. Further developments will be communicated when available.
\r\n\r\nOn 11 May 2014, the National IHR Focal Point for Jordan reported to WHO an additional case of MERS-CoV.
\r\n\r\nThe case is a 50 year-old male health-care worker, Jordanian citizen, and resident of Zarka Governorate. He presented with symptoms on 7 May 2014. On 10 May his condition worsened and he was diagnosed with pneumonia after performing a chest X-ray. He was admitted to hospital the same day and tested positive for MERS-CoV. The patient has a history of contact with two MERS-confirmed cases. He is in a stable condition. He is reported to have no history of travel and no history of contact with animals.
\r\n\r\nTracing and screening of six family members and 24 health-care workers for MERS-CoV is currently ongoing.
\r\n\r\nOn 8 May, 2014, the National IHR Focal Point (NFP) of Lebanon reported the first laboratory-confirmed case of MERS-CoV infection.
\r\n\r\nOn 22 April 2014, a 60 year-old male health-care worker and national of Lebanon complained of high-grade fever. On 27 April 2014, he was diagnosed with pneumonia and was admitted to the hospital on 30 April 2014. His symptoms included fever, dyspnoea, and productive cough. On 2 May 2014, he tested positive for MERS-CoV. He is reported to have comorbidities. He was in a stable condition in hospital and was released on 7 May 2014.
\r\n\r\nThe patient is reported to have no contact with laboratory confirmed cases or with animals and no history of raw camel milk consumption. No history of travel was reported in the 14 days prior to onset of symptoms.
\r\n\r\nThe patient is known to travel throughout the Gulf region, particularly to Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and UAE; investigations into the patient\u2019s travel history are ongoing. His most recent travel was five weeks prior to symptom onset to UAE and eight weeks prior to symptom onset to Jeddah where he visited one of the hospitals that had been facing an upsurge of MERS-CoV cases.
\r\n\r\nGlobally, 572 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV have officially been reported to WHO, including 173 deaths. The global total includes all of the cases reported in this update (18), plus 58 laboratory confirmed cases officially reported to WHO from Saudi Arabia between 5 and 9 May. WHO is working with Saudi Arabia for additional information on these cases and will provide further updates as soon as possible.
\r\n\r\nBased on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and to carefully review any unusual patterns.
\r\n\r\nInfection prevention and control measures are critical to prevent the possible spread of MERS-CoV in health care facilities. Health-care facilities that provide for patients suspected or confirmed to be infected with MERS-CoV infection should take appropriate measures to decrease the risk of transmission of the virus from an infected patient to other patients, health-care workers and visitors. Health care workers should be educated, trained and refreshed with skills on infection prevention and control.
\r\n\r\nIt is not always possible to identify patients with MERS-CoV early because some have mild or unusual symptoms. For this reason, it is important that health-care workers apply standard precautions consistently with all patients \u2013 regardless of their diagnosis \u2013 in all work practices all the time.
\r\n\r\nDroplet precautions should be added to the standard precautions when providing care to all patients with symptoms of acute respiratory infection. Contact precautions and eye protection should be added when caring for probable or confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection. Airborne precautions should be applied when performing aerosol generating procedures.
\r\n\r\nPatients should be managed as potentially infected when the clinical and epidemiological clues strongly suggest MERS-CoV, even if an initial test on a nasopharyngeal swab is negative. Repeat testing should be done when the initial testing is negative, preferably on specimens from the lower respiratory tract.
\r\n\r\nHealth-care providers are advised to maintain vigilance. Recent travellers returning from the Middle East who develop SARI should be tested for MERS-CoV as advised in the current surveillance recommendations. All Member States are reminded to promptly assess and notify WHO of any new case of infection with MERS-CoV, along with information about potential exposures that may have resulted in infection and a description of the clinical course. Investigation into the source of exposure should promptly be initiated to identify the mode of exposure, so that further transmission of the virus can be prevented.
\r\n\r\nPeople at high risk of severe disease due to MERS-CoV should avoid close contact with animals when visiting farms or barn areas where the virus is known to be potentially circulating. For the general public, when visiting a farm or a barn, general hygiene measures, such as regular hand washing before and after touching animals, avoiding contact with sick animals, and following food hygiene practices, should be adhered to.
\r\n\r\nWHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) \u2013 update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2014_05_15_mers-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2014_05_15_mers-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:58:41Z","PublicationDate":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:58:41Z","Id":"928c13e1-f2a0-4125-a2fb-7b0e50847862","FormattedDate":"15 May 2014"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n30 July 2007
\r\n\r\nOn 25 July 2007, four new cases of polio were confirmed in Equateur province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, bringing the total number of cases in the country this year to 26. In neighbouring Angola, advance notification of two new polio cases was received, which will bring the total number of cases in Angola in 2007 to 8. The two cases are from Luanda and Benguele provinces.
\r\n\r\nBoth countries are continuing synchronized, cross-border outbreak response activities. Large-scale, supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) were launched nationwide in Angola, and in the affected areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Equateur and Bandundu provinces) on 25 July, to reach more than 8 million children under the age of five years. Further immunization campaigns will be conducted later in the year.
\r\n\r\nIn 2005, poliovirus of Indian origin re-infected Angola, before subsequently spreading to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2006.
\r\n\r\n25 June 1999
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nBetween January and May 1999, a total of 616 034 cases of malaria was reported by\r\nhealth centres. In January, all provinces were affected, and although only 75% of\r\nprovinces were affected in May, there was a significant increase in some (especially\r\nKarusi, with 2.5 times more cases in May than in April).
\r\n\r\nA comparison of data for May 1998 and May 1999 has shown that in some provinces, cases\r\nhave increased very sharply (e.g. Mutoyi, from 3 094 to 7 568; Rutoke, from 293 to\r\n1 768). Figures concerning the number of deaths are not available for all provinces.\r\nIn Mutoyi, a total of 17 deaths was registered between January and May; in Karusi, 34\r\ndeaths were recorded between 15 May and 15 June.
\r\n\r\nThe local health authorities have taken the necessary measures to mobilize resources\r\nfor drug procurement, reinforced epidemiological surveillance and vector control.
\r\n\r\n
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"1999 - Malaria in Burundi","ItemDefaultUrl":"/1999_06_25-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"1999-06-25T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"1999_06_25-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:28:12Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T14:04:22Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:28:12Z","Id":"727e8067-0aff-44c8-93ea-4a63644eb8aa","FormattedDate":"25 June 1999"},{"DonId":"2016DON252","Overview":"The case is a 32-year-old woman from Lima province, with onset of symptoms on 28 March. The patient had no history of travel outside of Peru. Prior to her illness onset, she had unprotected sexual contact with her partner, who had recently returned from a trip to a Zika-affected country (from 26 February to 14 March). The partner had onset of symptoms on 16 March. Serum, urine and semen samples taken from the partner were tested at the National Institute for Health and resulted positive for Zika virus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Serum and urine samples collected from the woman on 30 March and on 6 April, respectively, tested positive by RT-PCR at the National Institute of Health.
No mosquito vectors were identified during the entomological investigation conducted in the patient’s area of residence.
Sporadic cases of infection acquired following sexual activity have already been reported in the past. These cases of sexual transmission do not change the overall risk assessment since the virus continues to be primarily transmitted to people through mosquito bites. The risk of a global spread of Zika virus to areas where the competent vectors, the Aedes mosquitoes, are present is significant, given the wide geographical distribution of these mosquitoes in various regions of the world. WHO continues to monitor the epidemiological situation and conduct risk assessment based on the latest available information.
","Advice":"The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for Zika virus infection. Prevention and control relies on reducing the breeding of mosquitoes through source reduction (removal and modification of breeding sites) and reducing contact between mosquitoes and people. This can be achieved by reducing the number of natural and artificial water-filled habitats that support mosquito larvae, reducing the adult mosquito populations around at-risk communities and by using barriers such as insect screens, closed doors and windows, long clothing and repellents. Since the Aedes mosquitoes (the primary vector for transmission) are day-biting mosquitoes, it is recommended that those who sleep during the daytime, particularly young children, the sick or elderly, should rest under mosquito nets (bed nets), treated with or without insecticide to provide protection. Mosquito coils or other insecticide vaporizers may also reduce the likelihood of being bitten.
During outbreaks, space spraying of insecticides may be carried out following the technical orientation provided by WHO to kill flying mosquitoes. Suitable insecticides (recommended by the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme) may also be used as larvicides to treat relatively large water containers, when this is technically indicated.
Basic precautions for protection from mosquito bites should be taken by people traveling to high risk areas, especially pregnant women. These include use of repellents, wearing light colored, long sleeved shirts and pants and ensuring rooms are fitted with screens to prevent mosquitoes from entering.
Although the risk of transmission of Zika virus through sexual activity is considered to be very limited, based on precautionary principles, WHO recommends the following:
Independently of considerations regarding Zika virus, WHO always recommends the use of safer sexual practices, including the correct and consistent use of condoms to prevent HIV, other sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.
WHO does not recommend routine semen testing to detect Zika virus.
WHO does not recommend any travel or trade restriction to Peru based on the current information available.
","OverrideTitle":"Zika virus disease \u2013 Peru","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Zika virus infection \u2013 Peru","ItemDefaultUrl":"/21-april-2016-zika-peru-en","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"Health authorities in Peru are taking the following measures:
","UrlName":"21-april-2016-zika-peru-en","Epidemiology":"","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-06-03T09:54:06Z","PublicationDate":"2016-04-21T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2023-11-08T16:24:19Z","Id":"dc198c95-23a2-411b-8d12-bb1e3b92754c","FormattedDate":"21 April 2016"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"
\r\n
17 September 2014\r\n
\r\nOn 10 September 2014, the United States of America informed the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) about an outbreak of severe respiratory illness associated with Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68). As of 16 September 2014, 130 laboratory-confirmed cases of EV-D68 have been reported in 12 US states \u2013 Alabama, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. Investigations into suspected clusters in many other states are ongoing.
\r\n\r\nEV-D68 is identified using molecular techniques at a limited number of laboratories in the USA. Enterovirus infections, including EV-D68, are not nationally notifiable, but laboratory detections of enterovirus and parechovirus types are reported voluntarily to the National Enterovirus Surveillance System, which is managed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
\r\n\r\nCurrently, there are no available vaccines or specific treatments for EV-D68 and clinical care is supportive. Symptoms of EV-D68 may include fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough, and body and muscle aches. Individuals with pre-existing conditions, such as asthma or other respiratory diseases, may be especially prone to severe infections from EV-D68 and may experience difficulty breathing or have wheezing.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Enterovirus D68 in the United States of America","ItemDefaultUrl":"/17-september-2014-enterovirus-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2014-09-17T00:00:00Z","Summary":"On 10 September 2014, the United States of America informed the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) about an outbreak of severe respiratory illness associated with Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68).","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"17-september-2014-enterovirus-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:19:45Z","PublicationDate":"2014-09-17T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:19:45Z","Id":"400e15f7-ee7e-48bb-a478-919bfbd6bd2d","FormattedDate":"17 September 2014"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n
6 August 2014\r\n
\r\nBetween 2 and 4 August 2014, a total of 108 new cases of Ebola virus disease (laboratory-confirmed, probable, and suspect cases) as well as 45 deaths were reported from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone.
\r\n\r\nA mission briefing with representatives from Member States was held on 5 August at the World Health Organization (WHO). Information about the nature of Ebola virus disease (EVD) was highlighted. This was followed by outlining the essential components for control, including the need for national leadership, improved care and case management, identifying transmission chains and stopping disease spread, and preventing further outbreaks. Among the critical issues are: cross-border infections and travelers; partners reaching the limits of their capacity and ability to respond rapidly, safely, and effectively; and concerns about the socio-economic impact of continued transmission.
\r\n\r\nThe Director-General also shared information from her recent meetings in Guinea with Member States of the Mano River Union \u2013 C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. She outlined that the response in West Africa would focus on three areas:
\r\n\r\nThe Sub-regional Ebola Operations Coordination Centre (SEOCC) in Conakry reported on 5 August that the following actions are underway in the four affected countries:
\r\n\r\nThe SEOCC is assisting countries with these and many other response measures.
\r\n\r\nOn 6 August, WHO is convening an Emergency Committee of international experts to review the outbreak and advise the Director-General, in accordance with the International Health Regulations, whether the Ebola virus disease outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Experts will receive an epidemiological briefing and will determine whether the criteria for a PHEIC have been met. If the Emergency Committee agrees that this is a PHEIC, they will then advise the Director-General on temporary recommendations. A summary of the meeting will be made public and a press briefing will be held on Friday, 8 August.
\r\n\r\nNew cases and deaths attributable to EVD continue to be reported by the Ministries of Health in Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. Between 2 and 4 August 2014, 108 new cases (laboratory-confirmed, probable, and suspect cases) of EVD and 45 deaths were reported from the four countries as follows: Guinea, 10 new cases and 5 deaths; Liberia, 48 new cases and 27 deaths; Nigeria, 5 new cases and 0 death; and Sierra Leone, 45 new cases and 13 deaths.
\r\n\r\nAs of 4 August 2014, the cumulative number of cases attributed to EVD in the four countries stands at 1 711, including 932 deaths. The distribution and classification of the cases are as follows: Guinea, 495 cases (351 confirmed, 133 probable, and 11 suspected), including 363 deaths; Liberia, 516 cases (143 confirmed, 252 probable, and 121 suspected), including 282 deaths; Nigeria, 9 cases (0 confirmed, 2 probable, and 7 suspected), including 1 death; and Sierra Leone, 691 cases (576 confirmed, 49 probable, and 66 suspected), including 286 deaths.
\r\n| \r\n | New | \r\nConfirmed | \r\nProbable | \r\nSuspect | \r\nTotals | \r\n
| Guinea | \r\n\r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n |
| Cases | \r\n10 | \r\n351 | \r\n133 | \r\n11 | \r\n495 | \r\n
| Deaths | \r\n5 | \r\n228 | \r\n133 | \r\n2 | \r\n363 | \r\n
| Liberia | \r\n\r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n |
| Cases | \r\n48 | \r\n143 | \r\n252 | \r\n121 | \r\n516 | \r\n
| Deaths | \r\n27 | \r\n128 | \r\n110 | \r\n44 | \r\n282 | \r\n
| Nigeria | \r\n\r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n |
| Cases | \r\n5 | \r\n0 | \r\n2 | \r\n7 | \r\n9 | \r\n
| Deaths | \r\n0 | \r\n0 | \r\n1 | \r\n0 | \r\n1 | \r\n
| Sierra Leone | \r\n\r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n |
| Cases | \r\n45 | \r\n576 | \r\n49 | \r\n66 | \r\n691 | \r\n
| Deaths | \r\n13 | \r\n247 | \r\n34 | \r\n5 | \r\n286 | \r\n
| Totals | \r\n\r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n | \r\n |
| Cases | \r\n108 | \r\n1\u00a0070 | \r\n436 | \r\n205 | \r\n1\u00a0711 | \r\n
| Deaths | \r\n45 | \r\n603 | \r\n278 | \r\n51 | \r\n932 | \r\n
| 1. New cases were reported between 2 and 4 August 2014. | \r\n
\r\nThe total number of cases is subject to change due to reclassification, retrospective investigation, consolidation of cases and laboratory data, and enhanced surveillance. Data reported in the Disease Outbreak News are based on best available information reported by Ministries of Health.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Ebola virus disease update - West Africa","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2014_08_06_ebola-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2014-08-06T00:00:00Z","Summary":"Between 2 and 4 August 2014, a total of 108 new cases of Ebola virus disease (laboratory-confirmed, probable, and suspect cases) as well as 45 deaths were reported from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. ","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2014_08_06_ebola-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:27:44Z","PublicationDate":"2014-08-06T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:27:44Z","Id":"ec350e57-3020-4ba6-bc5c-485a8e1dea8c","FormattedDate":"6 August 2014"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n13 September 2002
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nAs of 1 September 2002 WHO has received reports of 661 cases of\r\ncholera in Montserado County. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare met with WHO, UNICEF, M\u00e9decins sans Fronti\u00e8res\r\n(MSF Belgium ) and other nongovernmental organizations to discuss measures to contain the outbreak.\r\n As a result, a team from the Ministry of Health and WHO assessed the\r\nepidemiological situation in the county, including the camps for internally displaced\r\npersons (IDPs).
\r\n\r\nThe team recommended chlorinating of water in and around Monrovia as\r\nwell as in the IDP camps. Community-based health promotion activities in the\r\naffected areas were also recommended.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"2002 - Cholera in Liberia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2002_09_13a-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2002-09-13T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2002_09_13a-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:23:33Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:32:33Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:23:33Z","Id":"1240ce1e-f54c-4d22-98f1-ee86c05844c7","FormattedDate":"13 September 2002"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n27 July 1999
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nSince 18 June a number of sporadic suspect cases of plague have occurred in Nsanje\r\ndistrict, Southern Region. Up to 21 July, 74 suspect cases had been reported from a total\r\nof 22 villages. Six villages along the Mozambican border were the most affected reporting\r\naround 3 to 4 suspect cases each. Some of the other villages reported only one suspect\r\ncase each. The treatment of patients is under way as well as environmental control\r\nmeasures which include spraying and dusting of affected and surrounding housing areas,\r\nhealth education on proper storage of foodstuffs and refuse disposal. The situation was\r\nbeing handled effectively by the Ministry of Health but drug supplies have been depleted\r\nand more may be needed. WHO has offered its assistance to the national health authorities.
\r\n\r\nThe last outbreak of plague in Malawi was in 1997 when a total of 582 cases were\r\nreported including cases in Nsanje, Chikwawa and Ntchisi Districts, all in Southern\r\nRegion.
\r\n\r\n
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"1999 - Plague in Malawi","ItemDefaultUrl":"/1999_07_27-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"1999-07-27T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"1999_07_27-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:17:45Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T14:00:57Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:17:45Z","Id":"58a477ed-c4a3-4593-84f0-b4d4135d76a5","FormattedDate":"27 July 1999"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n24 May 2007
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health of Indonesia has announced a new case of human infection of H5N1 avian influenza. A 5-year-old female from Wonogiri district, Central Java Province developed symptoms on 8 May, was hospitalized on 15 May and died in hospital on 17 May. Initial investigations into the source of her infection indicate exposure to dead poultry.
\r\n\r\nOf the 97 cases confirmed to date in Indonesia, 77 have been fatal.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza \u2013 situation in Indonesia \u2013 update 7","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2007_05_24-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2007-05-24T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2007_05_24-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:33:27Z","PublicationDate":"2007-05-24T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:33:27Z","Id":"07b76049-8fb6-4f90-880e-507690b7c473","FormattedDate":"24 May 2007"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n3 June 2013 -\r\nIn Israel, wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was isolated from sewage samples collected on 9 April 2013 in Rahat, southern Israel. The virus has been detected in sewage only; no case of paralytic polio has been reported. Genetic sequencing and epidemiological investigations are ongoing to determine its origin. Preliminary analyses indicate the strain is not related to the virus currently affecting the Horn of Africa. The virus isolate was detected through routine environmental surveillance in Israel that involves regular testing of sewage water. Israel has been free of indigenous WPV transmission since 1988. In the past, wild poliovirus has been detected in environmental samples collected in this region between 1991 and 2002 without occurrence of cases of paralytic polio in the area.
\r\n\r\nFollowing detection of the wild poliovirus, health authorities in Israel are conducting a full epidemiological and public health investigation, actively searching for potential cases of paralytic polio as well as for any un-immunized persons. Routine immunization levels are estimated at 94 percent. Outcomes of the investigation will determine the need for any additional catch-up immunization activities, as necessary. Similar activities are being implemented by health authorities in Gaza and the West Bank. Specimens collected through environmental surveillance since 2002 in both Gaza and the West Bank have consistently tested negative for the presence of WPV.
\r\n\r\nGiven that there are high levels of population immunity levels in the area, and the investigations and response being implemented, the World Health Organization (WHO) assesses the risk of further international spread of this virus strain from Israel as low to moderate.
\r\n\r\nIt is important that all countries, in particular those with frequent travel and contacts with polio affected countries, strengthen surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), in order to rapidly detect any new poliovirus importations and facilitate a rapid response. Countries should also analyze routine immunization coverage data to identify any subnational gaps in population immunity to guide catch-up immunization activities and thereby minimize the consequences of any new virus introduction. Priority should be given to areas at high-risk of importations and where OPV3/DPT3 vaccine coverage is less than 80 percent.
\r\n\r\nWHO\u2019s International Travel and Health recommends that all travellers to and from polio affected areas be fully vaccinated against polio. Three countries remain endemic for indigenous transmission of WPV: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Additionally, in 2013, the Horn of Africa is affected by an outbreak of WPV, with six cases confirmed in Kenya and Somalia.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Poliovirus detected from environmental samples in Israel","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2013_06_03-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2013-06-03T00:00:00Z","Summary":"In Israel, wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) was isolated from sewage samples collected on 9 April 2013 in Rahat, southern Israel. The virus has been detected in sewage only; no case of paralytic polio has been reported. ","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2013_06_03-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:49:09Z","PublicationDate":"2013-06-03T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:49:09Z","Id":"071e9202-34ff-49b4-9174-6ebd6fe8ab3a","FormattedDate":"3 June 2013"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n29 April 2004
\r\nThe Chinese Ministry of Health has today reported diagnostic confirmation of SARS infection in two patients previously under investigation in Beijing. Confirmation is based on the results of laboratory tests, clinical symptoms, and a history of close contact with a known case.
\r\n\r\nBoth patients are relatives \u2013 the mother and an aunt \u2013 of a 20-year-old nurse who treated what is thought to be the index case in the outbreak. The nurse subsequently developed respiratory symptoms and was hospitalized on 7 April. She was visited the next day by family members, including the mother and aunt.
\r\n\r\nThe 44-year-old mother is now in critical condition. The 36-year-old aunt, who was diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia earlier this week, remains in stable condition.
\r\n\r\nBoth patients are part of a third generation of cases that includes the nurse\u2019s father and two other patients hospitalized on the same ward, including one patient who shared a room with the nurse.
\r\n\r\nThe number of SARS cases either clinically confirmed or under investigation remains nine: seven in Beijing and two (including the single fatality) in Anhui Province.
\r\n\r\nIn Beijing, all seven SARS cases are now being treated in isolation at Ditan Hospital. This is a risk reduction strategy aimed at preventing further spread through the hospital system.
\r\n\r\nAccording to WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of SARS, classification as a confirmed case at the start of an outbreak requires independent verification of results by an external international reference laboratory. Such procedures are considered necessary in view of the implications that confirmed SARS cases can have for international public health.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"China confirms SARS infection in two previously reported cases \u2013 update 4","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2004_04_29-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2004-04-29T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2004_04_29-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:40:49Z","PublicationDate":"2004-04-29T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:40:49Z","Id":"7a49e8d0-ee78-4d17-9a0a-a3dcb175a3e4","FormattedDate":"29 April 2004"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"Disease outbreak news \r\n
\r\n\r\n7 March 2014 -\r\nOn 4 March 2014, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China, notified WHO of an additional laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.
\r\nThe patient is an 18 month-old girl who developed mild fever. She consulted a doctor on 28 February, was admitted to a hospital on 1 March and was discharged from the hospital on 3 March in stable condition. Following laboratory-confirmation with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection on 4 March, the patient was admitted to another hospital. She is currently asymptomatic, with no fever.
\r\nInitial epidemiological investigation revealed that the patient travelled to Foshan, Guangdong province from 5-27 February, where she visited a wet market with her mother. Further investigations into her travel and exposure history are ongoing, including tracing of all close contacts.
\r\n\t\r\nThe overall risk assessment has not changed (see WHO Risk Assessment under 'Related links').
\r\n\r\nThe previous report of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus detection in live poultry exported from mainland China to Hong Kong SAR shows the potential for the virus to spread through movement of live poultry, at this time there is no indication that international spread of avian influenza A(H7N9) has occurred. However as the virus infection does not cause signs of disease in poultry, continued surveillance is needed.
\r\n\r\nFurther sporadic human cases of avian influenza A(H7N9) infection are expected in affected and possibly neighbouring areas.
\r\n\r\nShould human cases from affected areas travel internationally, their infection may be detected in another country during or after arrival. If this were to occur, community level spread is unlikely as the virus does not have the ability to transmit easily among humans. Until the virus adapts itself for efficient human-to-human transmission, the risk of ongoing international spread of H7N9 virus by travellers is low.
\r\n\r\nWHO advises that travellers to countries with known outbreaks of avian influenza should avoid poultry farms, or contact with animals in live bird markets, or entering areas where poultry may be slaughtered, or contact with any surfaces that appear to be contaminated with faeces from poultry or other animals. Travellers should also wash their hands often with soap and water. Travellers should follow good food safety and good food hygiene practices.
\r\n\r\nWHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it currently recommend any travel or trade restrictions.
\r\n\r\nAs always, a diagnosis of infection with an avian influenza virus should be considered in individuals who develop severe acute respiratory symptoms while travelling or soon after returning from an area where avian influenza is a concern.
\r\n\r\nWHO encourages countries to continue strengthening influenza surveillance, including surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and to carefully review any unusual patterns, in order to ensure reporting of human infections under the IHR (2005), and continue national health preparedness actions.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus \u2013 update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2014_03_07-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2014-03-07T00:00:00Z","Summary":"On 4 March 2014, the Centre for Health Protection (CHP) of the Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR, China, notified WHO of an additional laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus.","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2014_03_07-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:30:19Z","PublicationDate":"2014-03-07T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:30:19Z","Id":"211b0d39-da54-49e5-8199-116100f1d026","FormattedDate":"7 March 2014"},{"DonId":"2024-DON501","Overview":"Between 26 and 28 January 2024, the Cambodia IHR NFP notified WHO of two confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. These cases were reported from Kampong Trabek district, Prey Veng province, and Puok district, Siem Reap province, Cambodia.
The first case, a 3-year-old, was reported on 26 January 2024, from Kampong Trabek district, Prey Veng province. The patient developed symptoms on 13 January 2024 and was admitted to hospital on 16 January 2024 with high fever, cough and runny nose. Samples were collected at the hospital and were transported to the National Institute of Public Health for testing. There, the samples tested positive for H5N1 through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on 25 January 2024 and were confirmed by the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC) on 25 January 2024. The patient had a history of exposure to backyard chickens that were found dead around the residence. A total of 14 close contacts of the case were identified and samples were collected and tested, of which none were positive for influenza.
The second case, a 69-year-old, was reported on 28 January 2024, from Puok district, Siem Reap province, Cambodia. The patient had pre-existing hypertension and had onset of symptoms on 21 January 2024, including a fever exceeding 38°C, cough, and difficulty breathing. The patient was admitted to the hospital on 23 January 2024 and tested positive for H5N1 through RT-PCR at the National Institute for Public Health on 27 January 2024. The sample was confirmed positive by additional testing at IPC on 28 January 2024. Based on the initial investigation, the patient raised domestic poultry and fighting roosters. Three chickens tested were found to be positive for influenza A(H5N1). No sampling and testing of the environment was done. Four close contacts and 39 additional contacts were identified and tested, of which one was found positive for an unrelated influenza B/Victoria lineage.
The two confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus have since recovered. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA genes of A/H5 isolates in both confirmed cases belong to clade 2.3.2.1c.
In 2023, six human cases, including four deaths, were reported from Kampot Province (n=2), Prey Veng Province (n=3) and Svay Rieng (n=1). From 2003 through 28 January 2024, a total of 64 cases of human infection with influenza A(H5N1), including 41 deaths, have been reported from Cambodia.
From 2003 to 28 January 2024, 884 human cases of influenza A (H5N1) infection, including 461 deaths, have been reported globally from 23 countries. Almost all cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) were sporadic infections and have been linked to close contact with infected live or dead birds, or influenza A(H5N1) contaminated environments. These animal influenza viruses do not easily infect humans, and human-to-human transmission appears to be unusual. However, severe disease with high mortality rates can occur as a result of human infection. Given that the virus continues to circulate in poultry, particularly in rural areas in Cambodia and other countries where the virus is endemic in poultry, the potential for further sporadic human cases can be expected.
Available epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that A(H5N1) viruses have not acquired the ability to sustain transmission among humans. Therefore, the likelihood of human-to-human spread is considered low. Based on available information, WHO assesses the risk to the general population posed by this virus to be low. The risk assessment will be reviewed as needed if additional information becomes available.
Close analysis of the epidemiological situation, further characterization of the most recent influenza A(H5N1) viruses in both human and poultry populations, and serological investigations, are critical to assess associated risks to public health and promptly adjust risk management measures.
There are no specific vaccines for influenza A(H5N1) in humans. However, candidate vaccines to prevent influenza A(H5) infection in humans have been developed for pandemic preparedness in some countries. WHO continues to update the list of zoonotic influenza candidate vaccine viruses (CVV) twice a year at the WHO consultation on influenza virus vaccine composition. The list of such CVVs is available on WHO website. In addition, the genetic and antigenic characterizations of contemporary zoonotic influenza viruses are published on Global Influenza Programme (who.int).
This event does not change the current WHO recommendations on public health measures and influenza surveillance.
Given reports of sporadic influenza A (H5N1) cases in humans, outbreaks in mammals, the widespread circulation in birds and the constantly evolving nature of influenza viruses, WHO continues to stress the importance of global surveillance to detect and monitor virological, epidemiological, and clinical changes associated with emerging or circulating influenza viruses that may affect human (or animal) health, and timely virus sharing for risk assessment.
The public should avoid high-risk environments, such as live animal markets/farms, and avoid contract with live poultry or surfaces that might be contaminated by birds or poultry droppings. Additionally, it is recommended to maintain good hand hygiene with frequent washing or use of alcohol- based hand sanitizer.
The general public and at-risk individuals should immediately report instances of sick animals or unexpected deaths in animals to veterinary authorities. Consumption of poultry that are sick or have died unexpectedly should be avoided.
In countries where avian influenza is known to cause outbreaks in poultry, people who handle live poultry for consumption should wear respiratory protection/barriers during slaughtering or when handling slaughtered poultry and should seek health care immediately if they feel unwell soon after such exposure.
Any person who has had exposure to potentially infected birds or contaminated environments and feels unwell should seek health care promptly and inform their healthcare provider of their exposure.
WHO advises against implementing any travel or trade restrictions based on the current information available on this event. WHO does not advise special traveler screening at points of entry or other restrictions due to the current situation of influenza viruses at the human-animal interface.
States Parties to the International Health Regulations (2005) are required to immediately notify WHO of any laboratory-confirmed case of a recent human infection caused by a new subtype of influenza virus. Evidence of illness is not required for this notification.
","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian Influenza A (H5N1) - Cambodia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2024-DON501","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2024-02-08T07:39:22Z","Summary":"Between 26 and 28 January 2024, the Cambodia National Focal Point (NFP) for the International Health Regulations (IHR) notified the World Health Organization (WHO) of two confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus. These cases were reported from Kampong Trabek district, Prey Veng province, and Puok district, Siem Reap province, Cambodia. These are the first two cases of human infection with influenza A(H5N1) reported in Cambodia in 2024. One case was detected through severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance and one by a physician at a non-SARI sentinel site. Both patients had contact with sick poultry. There is no evidence of an epidemiological link between the two cases. \r\n\r\nIn December 2003, Cambodia reported an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 for the first time, affecting wild birds. Following this, human cases due to poultry-to-human transmission were reported sporadically until 2014, after which there was a gap until the next cases reported in 2023: two cases each were reported in February, October, and November of 2023. \r\nH5N1 infection in humans can cause severe disease, has a high mortality rate, and is notifiable under IHR (2005).","FurtherInformation":"Citable reference: World Health Organization (8 February 2024). Disease Outbreak News; Avian Influenza A (H5N1) - Cambodia. Available at: http://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2024-DON501
","Response":"The Cambodia Ministry of Health's national and sub-national rapid response teams, with support from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Ministry of Environment, have been actively investigating the avian influenza outbreak in the Prey Veng and Siem Reap Provinces.
Ongoing efforts involve investigations to find sources and modes of transmission in both animals and humans. Additionally, there is a continuing search for suspected cases and contacts to prevent any possibility of onward transmission. Poultry samples have been collected and testing is ongoing.
","UrlName":"2024-DON501","Epidemiology":"Animal influenza viruses normally circulate in animals but can also infect humans. Infections in humans have primarily been acquired through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated environments. Depending on the original host, animal influenza A viruses can be classified as avian influenza, swine influenza, or other types of animal influenza viruses.
Avian, swine, and other animal influenza virus infections in humans may cause disease ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to more severe disease and death. Conjunctivitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, encephalitis and encephalopathy have been reported. There have also been several detections of influenza A(H5N1) virus in asymptomatic persons. These detections were made because the individuals had exposure to infected birds as they were involved in poultry farms depopulation/decontamination procedures following reported poultry outbreaks.
Laboratory tests are required to diagnose human infection with influenza. WHO periodically updates technical guidance protocols for the detection of zoonotic influenza using molecular methods, e.g. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Evidence suggests that some antiviral drugs, notably neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir), can reduce the duration of viral replication and improve prospects of survival in some cases.
","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2024-02-08T08:22:51Z","PublicationDate":"2024-02-08T08:22:50Z","LastModified":"2024-02-15T14:23:54Z","Id":"1fe8866a-bddd-48f1-a6b8-8618292481a6","FormattedDate":"8 February 2024"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n3 February 2004
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health in Viet Nam has today officially confirmed three additional cases, including one fatality, of avian influenza H5N1 infection in humans.
\r\n\r\nTwo of the newly reported cases, a 19-year-old man and a 20-year-old woman, have been under treatment at a hospital in Hanoi. The 19-year-old man has recovered and the 20-year-old woman remains hospitalized.
\r\n\r\nThe third case, which was fatal, was in an 18-year-old man who died on 2 February at a hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. He is the country\u2019s first confirmed case from the Central Highlands area.
\r\n\r\nThese newly reported cases bring the number of laboratory confirmed H5N1 cases in Viet Nam to 13. Of these, nine have died, two remain hospitalized, and two have recovered.
\r\n\r\nAuthorities in Viet Nam have reported that 52 of the country\u2019s 64 provinces have now detected outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Avian influenza A(H5N1) - update 16: Situation in Viet Nam","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2004_02_03-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2004-02-03T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2004_02_03-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T07:46:16Z","PublicationDate":"2004-02-03T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T07:46:16Z","Id":"caf4953d-9c45-4bcb-bcd0-d6aa31baadea","FormattedDate":"3 February 2004"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n23 April 2003
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nAs a result of ongoing assessments as to the nature of outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing and Shanxi Province, China, and in Toronto, Canada, WHO is now recommending, as a measure of precaution, that persons planning to travel to these destinations consider postponing all but essential travel. This temporary advice, which is an extension of travel advice previously issued for Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China will be reassessed in three weeks time.
\r\n\r\nFollowing global alerts about cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), issued by WHO on 12 and 15 March, national authorities have heightened surveillance for suspect and probable cases. In many countries, prompt detection and isolation of initial cases have prevented further transmission altogether or held additional cases to a very small number.
\r\n\r\nOn 27 March, WHO recommended additional measures aimed at preventing the travel-related spread of SARS. These recommended measures, which include screening of air passengers departing from certain areas, continue to apply.
\r\n\r\nOn 2 April, WHO recommended that persons travelling to Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Guangdong Province, China consider postponing all but essential travel. This temporary recommendation has been reassessed daily and remains in effect.
\r\n\r\nSubsequent information from the Chinese government about the magnitude of the SARS outbreaks in Beijing and Shanxi Province has been carefully reviewed by WHO. This assessment has considered the magnitude of the outbreak, including both the number of prevalent cases and the daily number of new cases, the extent of local chains of transmission, and evidence that travellers are becoming infected while in one area and then subsequently exporting the disease elsewhere. On the basis of this assessment, WHO is extending its 2 April travel advice to include Beijing and Shanxi Province.
\r\n\r\nUsing the same criteria, WHO has assessed the SARS situation in Toronto, Canada. The outbreak in this area has continued to grow in magnitude and has affected groups outside the initial risk groups of hospital workers, their families and other close person-to-person contacts, although all the cases reported have identified links to known SARS cases. In addition, a small number of persons with SARS, now in other countries in the world, appear to have acquired the infection while in Toronto. On the basis of this information, WHO is also including Toronto in the extension of its SARS-related travel advice.\r\n
\r\n\r\nThis advice will be re-examined in three weeks time, which is twice the maximum incubation period of SARS.
\r\n\r\nThe WHO travel advice is issued in order to protect public health and reduce opportunities for further international spread. SARS is a new disease, first recognized in late February, that has spread along the routes of international air travel. As of 22 April, a cumulative total of 3947 cases had been reported from 25 countries on five continents. Precautionary measures aim to reduce the impact of SARS and contain the disease while it is still in a relatively early stage.
\r\n\r\nThe SARS situation is assessed on a daily basis to determine whether other areas need to be included in the travel advice and if additional precautionary measures are required.
\r\n\r\nAll WHO SARS alerts, travel advice, daily cumulative case counts and other information are available at the WHO web site.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Multi-country outbreak Update 37","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2003_04_23-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2003-04-23T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2003_04_23-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:15:06Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-07T10:03:38Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:15:06Z","Id":"c638d1ee-8f24-4e18-9be4-cd537e7398a8","FormattedDate":"23 April 2003"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n28 April 2004
\r\nChinese health authorities have today announced that an additional case of SARS is under investigation. This brings the total number of cases in China, reported since 22 April, to nine. Of these, one has died.
\r\n\r\nThe new case, in Beijing, is a 49-year-old female retired doctor. On 12 April, she was admitted to the same hospital ward where a 20-year-old nurse was being treated for pneumonia. The former doctor began developing SARS-like symptoms on 19 April and on 22 April was transferred to Ditan Hospital and placed in isolation. Her condition is listed as critical.
\r\n\r\nThe 20-year-old nurse, previously reported to WHO as a confirmed case, has been linked to an additional five cases. These include the one reported today and four reported on Sunday. To date, all cases have been linked to chains of transmission involving close contact with an identified case. The second confirmed case, who remains hospitalized in Anhui Province, is a 26-year-old postgraduate student who had been conducting research at the National Institute of Virology in Beijing. She is thought to be the index case in the present outbreak.
\r\n\r\nDuring the 2003 outbreak, the transmission of SARS was greatly amplified in hospital settings. As a risk reduction strategy in Beijing, all seven SARS cases are now being treated in Ditan Hospital.
\r\n\r\nHowever, patients were treated or assessed in open wards at seven hospitals (five in Beijing and 2 in Anhui) before suspicions of SARS were raised and procedures of isolation and infection control were introduced. In addition, the two patients in Anhui travelled long distances within China by train.
\r\n\r\nAs these events created opportunities for multiple exposures, Chinese authorities have undertaken extensive tracing and follow-up of contacts. In Beijing, nearly 700 persons have been isolated or placed in quarantine.
\r\n\r\nThe maximum incubation period for SARS is generally accepted to be 10 days. Based on present knowledge about the disease, persons exposed to the virus are not infectious prior to the onset of symptoms. For these reasons, rapid detection and isolation of cases, and rapid tracing and follow-up of contacts have been successfully used to bring a SARS outbreak under control.
\r\n\r\nInvestigation of the outbreak
\r\n\r\nFollowing a request by the Chinese Ministry of Health, the initial members of a WHO team are now in Beijing to assist in the investigation and control of the outbreaks there and in Anhui. Investigation of the source of infection will initially focus on biosafety procedures at the National Institute of Virology in Beijing. Two of the nine cases reported by China, including the earliest case, were researchers at the institute, which has been conducting work using the live SARS coronavirus.
\r\n\r\nChinese authorities are providing WHO with detailed clinical and epidemiological information on all cases. This information is important in assessing the severity of illness caused by the virus and the extent of its transmission. Of the 8 patients currently hospitalized for treatment, the patient in Anhui Province continues to improve. In Beijing, two patients are in critical condition and the others remain under treatment for pneumonia.
\r\n\r\nIf the source of infection is determined to come from the National Institute of Virology in Beijing, this will be the first SARS outbreak caused by a laboratory-acquired virus, which could possibly cause different patterns of illness and transmission. Previous laboratory-associated cases \u2013 a single case each in Singapore in September 2003 and in Taiwan, China in December 2003 \u2013 did not result in any further transmission. Both cases fully recovered.
\r\n\r\nIn addition, four cases (3 confirmed and 1 probable) were reported in Guangdong Province in December 2003 and January 2004, presumably acquired from an environmental source. Unlike the present outbreak, these cases were associated with mild illness only and did not result in secondary transmission to others.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"China reports additional SARS case - update 3","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2004_04_28-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2004_04_28-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:18:10Z","PublicationDate":"2004-04-28T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:18:10Z","Id":"2ac27806-b023-4022-ae1b-b6743337a508","FormattedDate":"28 April 2004"},{"DonId":"2025-DON555","Overview":"On 30 January 2025, the Ministry of Health of Uganda declared an outbreak of Sudan virus disease (SVD) following confirmation from three national reference laboratories.
The confirmed case was an adult male nurse who initially developed fever-like symptoms and sought treatment from a traditional healer as well as at multiple health facilities.
The patient presented with a history of high fever, chest pain, and difficulty in breathing with symptoms onset between 20 and 21 January, which later progressed to unexplained bleeding from multiple body sites. The patient experienced multi-organ failure and died at the National Referral Hospital on 29 January.
Samples taken post-mortem were confirmed for Sudan virus (SUDV).
Forty-five contacts have so far been identified, including 34 healthcare workers and 11 family members.
","Assessment":"Sudan virus disease (SVD) is a severe, often fatal illness affecting humans. Sudan virus (SUDV) was first identified in southern Sudan in June 1976. Since then, the virus has emerged periodically and up to now and prior to this current one, eight outbreaks caused by SUDV have been reported, five in Uganda and three in Sudan. The case fatality rates of SVD have varied from 41% to 70% in past outbreaks.
SUDV is enzootic and present in animal reservoirs in the region. Uganda reported five SVD outbreaks (one in 2000, one in 2011, two in 2012, and one in 2022). The current outbreak is the sixth SVD outbreak in Uganda. Uganda also reported a Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak in 2007 and an Ebola virus disease outbreak exported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2019. The latest SVD outbreak in Uganda was declared over on 11 January 2023. A total of 164 cases with 77 deaths were reported in nine districts.
Uganda has experience in Ebola disease outbreaks including SVD, and necessary action has been initiated quickly.
In the absence of licensed vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of SVD, the risk of potential serious public health impact is high. Community deaths, care of patients in private facilities and hospitals and other community health services as well as at traditional healers with limited protection and infection prevention and control measures entail a high risk of many transmission chains. An investigation is ongoing to determine the scope of the outbreak and the possibility of spread to other districts and potential exportation of cases to neighbouring countries cannot be ruled out at this stage.
","Advice":"Effective Ebola disease outbreak, including SVD, control relies on applying a package of interventions, including case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, implementation of infection prevention and control measures in health care and community settings, safe and dignified burials and community engagement and social mobilization. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for infection and prevention measures that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission.
Early initiation of intensive supportive treatment increases the chances of survival. All above-mentioned interventions need to be thoroughly implemented in affected areas to stop chains of transmission and decrease disease mortality. Cases, contacts and individuals in affected areas who present signs and symptoms compatible with case definitions should be advised not to travel and seek early care at designated facilities to improve their chances of survival and limit transmission.
Collaboration with neighbouring countries should be enhanced to harmonize reporting mechanisms, conduct joint investigations, and share critical data in real-time. Surrounding countries should enhance readiness activities to enable early case detection, isolation and treatment.
A range of candidate vaccines and therapeutics are under different stage of development. In 2022, WHO convened expert deliberations to review candidate products prioritization and trial designs. One candidate vaccine and two candidate therapeutics (a monoclonal antibody and an antiviral) are available in country and will be made available through clinical trial protocol.
The two vaccines licensed against Ebola virus disease will not provide cross protection against SVD and cannot be used in this outbreak.
WHO advises against any restrictions on travel and/or trade to Uganda based on available information for the current outbreak.
","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Sudan virus disease \u2013 Uganda","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2025-DON555","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2025-02-01T07:00:00Z","Summary":"On 30 January 2025, the Ministry of Health of Uganda declared an outbreak of Sudan virus disease (SVD) following confirmation from three national reference laboratories. The case presented with signs and symptoms between 20 and 21 January and died on 29 January at the National Referral Hospital in Kampala. \r\nAs of 30 January 2025, 45 contacts have been identified, including 34 healthcare workers and 11 family members. \r\nSudan virus disease belongs to the same family as Ebola virus disease. It is caused by Sudan virus (SUDV). It is a severe disease with high case fatality from 41% to 70% in past outbreaks. \r\nIn the absence of licensed vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of SVD, the risk of potential serious public health impact is high. \r\nEarly supportive patient care and treatment may increase the chance of survival from severe disease. \r\n","FurtherInformation":"Citable reference: World Health Organization (1 February 2025). Disease Outbreak News; Sudan virus disease in Uganda. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2025-DON555
","Response":"Health authorities are implementing public health measures, including but not limited to the following:
WHO is supporting the national authorities, including through:
Sudan virus disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever disease, belonging to the same family as Ebola virus disease. It is caused by Sudan virus (SUDV). It is a severe disease with high case fatality. It is typically characterized by acute onset of fever with non-specific symptoms/signs (e.g., abdominal pain, anorexia, fatigue, malaise, myalgia, sore throat) usually followed several days later by nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and occasionally a variable rash. Hiccups may occur. Severe illness may include hemorrhagic manifestations (e.g., bleeding from puncture sites, ecchymoses, petechiae, visceral effusions), encephalopathy, shock/hypotension, multi-organ failure, spontaneous abortion in infected pregnant women. Individuals who recover may experience prolonged sequelae (e.g., arthralgia, neurocognitive dysfunction, uveitis sometimes followed by cataract formation), and clinical and subclinical persistent infection may occur in immune-privileged compartments (e.g., CNS, eyes, testes). Person-to-person transmission occurs by direct contact with blood, other bodily fluids, organs, or contaminated surfaces and materials with risk beginning at the onset of clinical signs and increasing with disease severity. Family members, healthcare providers, and participants in burial ceremonies with direct contact with the deceased are at particular risk. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 21 days, but typically is 7–11 days.
","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2025-02-01T10:11:01Z","PublicationDate":"2025-02-01T10:10:31Z","LastModified":"2025-02-01T10:11:01Z","Id":"dca8f16e-0837-415c-96be-d9682951e009","FormattedDate":"1 February 2025"},{"DonId":"2005DON123","Overview":"22 new polio cases were confirmed in Indonesia, bringing the total number of cases to 122. The new cases are from West Java province.
Recently confirmed cases in Sumatra and Central Java occurred outside the area where two emergency vaccination campaigns were held on 31 May and 29 June. A large outbreak response immunization targeting 78,000 children aged less than five years was held from 26 June around the case in Central Java. Sumatra and Central Java will be included in the next phase of the large-scale immunization campaigns, which will start from August.
","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"Poliomyelitis - Indonesia","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Poliomyelitis - Indonesia","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2005DON123","UseOverrideTitle":true,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2005-07-08T10:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2005DON123","Epidemiology":"","IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2024-05-20T13:39:55Z","PublicationDate":"2024-03-13T09:24:38Z","LastModified":"2024-05-20T13:39:55Z","Id":"0a671587-3ad1-4bca-9d91-9789a612a626","FormattedDate":"8 July 2005"},{"DonId":"2023-DON446","Overview":"![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/20230314_measles_nepal_epicurve.png?sfvrsn=7d1d0cd3_3\")
As shown in Figure-1, the number of cases increased sharply in the last week of December but started declining in the second week of January and continues to show a declining trend.
Figure 2: Distribution of measles cases (n= 690) reported by district in Nepal between 24 November 2022 to 10 March 2023
![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/20230314_measles_nepal_map.png?sfvrsn=3a5747b3_4\")
The majority of cases (n=591; 86%) have been less than 15 years old. However, nine measles cases have also been observed in the older age group (≥ 45 years) with the maximum age of a case being 73 years.
Figure 3: Age distribution and vaccination status of measles cases in Nepal from 24 November 2022 to 10 March 2023
![\"\"](\"https://cdn.who.int/media/images/default-source/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/20230314_measles_nepal_vaccination.png?sfvrsn=26fa573d_6\")
While measles is endemic in Nepal and is reported every year, the magnitude and extent of the current outbreak are unusually high compared to the previous years. Only sporadic isolated measles cases have occurred since 2004, when a substantial outbreak of 12 074 cases was reported. Based on the current data and available information, the overall risk of measles at the national level is assessed as high due to the following reasons:
Factors including the spread of the outbreak to neighboring districts and provinces, the detection of measles cases in a highly mobile population and minority communities, the low population immunity in affected districts, and cross-border movement, indicates the risk of intra- and inter-provincial as well as international spread of measles.
The risk at regional level is assessed to be moderate (persistent endemic transmission on both sides of a porous international border), and low at the global level.
","Advice":"Measles is preventable by vaccination, which provides lifelong immunity in most recipients. Vaccination against measles is recommended for all susceptible children and adults for whom the vaccine is not contraindicated. National immunization programs must assure the safe provision of immunization services that can reach all children with two doses of measles vaccine. In countries with moderate to weak health systems, regular measles immunization campaigns can protect children who do not have access to routine health services. WHO recommends maintaining sustained homogeneous coverage of at least 95% with the first and second doses of the MCV vaccine and strengthening integrated epidemiological surveillance of measles and rubella in order to achieve the timely detection of all suspected cases in public, private, and social security healthcare facilities.
It is critical to quickly recognize and treat complications of measles in order to reduce severity of the disease and mortality . Severe complications from measles can be reduced through supportive care that ensures good nutrition, adequate fluid intake and treatment of dehydration with WHO-recommended oral rehydration solution. This solution replaces fluids and other essential elements that are lost through diarrhea or vomiting. Antibiotics should be prescribed to treat eye and ear infections, and pneumonia. While there is no specific antiviral treatment for measles, prompt provision of vitamin A in therapeutic doses is recommended to reduce complications and mortality among infected children.
Healthcare workers should be vaccinated in order to avoid infections acquired in a healthcare setting.
WHO does not recommend any travel and/or trade restrictions to Nepal based on the information available for this event.
","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Measles \u2013 Nepal","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2023-DON446","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2023-03-14T15:16:27Z","Summary":"On 2 January 2023, an outbreak of measles was confirmed in Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city (SMC) in Banke district, Nepal, following a cluster of cases of fever and rash. Following the confirmation and through active case search, the index case was identified, with the onset of symptoms on 24 November 2022. Between 24 November 2022 and 10 March 2023, 690 measles cases, including one associated death (case fatality ratio: 0.14 %), have been reported from seven districts in western Nepal, and three districts in eastern Nepal (mainly in the Terai ecological region). The majority of the cases (n=591; 86%) have been reported in children aged less than 15 years. \r\n\r\nWhile measles is endemic in Nepal and is reported every year, the magnitude and extent of the current outbreak are unusually high compared to the previous years. Only sporadic isolated measles cases have occurred since 2004, when a substantial outbreak of over 12 000 cases was reported. The risk of spread of measles is assessed as high at the national level and moderate at regional level, due to the spread of the outbreak from Nepalgunj SMC to other districts and provinces, the detection of measles cases in a highly mobile population with frequent cross-border travel, and low population immunity of the affected districts. Response measures in affected areas have been implemented, including active case search, case management and outbreak response immunization (ORI).","FurtherInformation":"1Microplanning for immunization service delivery using the Reaching Every District (RED) strategy: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/70450
Citable reference: World Health Organization (14 March 2023). Disease Outbreak News; Measles - Nepal. Available at https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON446
","Response":"The Ministry of Health (MoH), with support from WHO, partners and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), have implemented response measures. These include:
\r\n26 October 2012 -\r\nAs of 24 October 2012, 52 cases (35 laboratory confirmed, 17 probable) with Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) have been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Of these, 25 have been fatal (12 confirmed, 13 probable).
\r\n\r\nThe cases are reported from Isiro and Viadana health zones in Haut-U\u00e9l\u00e9 district in Province Orientale.
\r\n\r\nThe Ministry of Health (MoH) continues to work with local health authorities and international partners in active surveillance, tracing of contacts of probable and confirmed cases, infection prevention and control in health care settings, management of patients in health care facilities, logistics, social mobilization, provision of psychosocial support and conducting anthropological analysis to support the control of the outbreak.
\r\n\r\nSurveillance activities are being strengthened in Isiro and neighbouring areas, including Bedhe and Nakwapongo. In Isiro, health care workers are being trained on basic infection prevention and control in health care settings. Through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN), a field laboratory has been set up by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC).
\r\n\r\nSocial mobilization activities are being carried out in schools and churches in Isiro, Rungu and Ngosaku to provide information on protection against the Ebola virus and to discuss concerns of the local population.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo \u2013 update","ItemDefaultUrl":"/2012_10_26-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"2012-10-26T00:00:00Z","Summary":"As of 24 October 2012, 52 cases (35 laboratory confirmed, 17 probable) with Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) have been reported in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Of these, 25 have been fatal (12 confirmed, 13 probable).","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"2012_10_26-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T06:52:06Z","PublicationDate":"2012-10-26T00:00:00Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T06:52:06Z","Id":"8ba59cac-f4ff-41c5-998c-82622a4cdeb6","FormattedDate":"26 October 2012"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n10 February 1998
Disease Outbreak Reported
\r\nUp to 7 February a total of 193 cases with 8 deaths (CFR 4.14%) had been reported on\r\nGrande Comore Island. Although the first cases were recorded in Mb\u00e9ni, 77 of the 193\r\ncases have occurred in Moroni and 12 districts and villages in and around the capital.
\r\n\r\nMeasures to prevent further spread and for the effective treatment of cases have been\r\nimplemented by the cholera task force which was recently set-up by the Ministry of Health\r\nand WHO.
\r\n","Assessment":"","Advice":"","OverrideTitle":"","SystemSourceKey":null,"Title":"1998 - Cholera in the Comoros Islands","ItemDefaultUrl":"/1998_02_10b-en","UseOverrideTitle":false,"TitleSuffix":"","PublicationDateAndTime":"1998-03-10T00:00:00Z","Summary":"","FurtherInformation":"","Response":"","UrlName":"1998_02_10b-en","Epidemiology":null,"IncludeInSitemap":true,"DateCreated":"2021-07-04T08:02:48Z","PublicationDate":"2021-06-08T08:13:57Z","LastModified":"2021-07-04T08:02:48Z","Id":"f5c21eb0-7bbb-436d-b7a9-c18323c4dae0","FormattedDate":"10 March 1998"},{"DonId":"","Overview":"\r\n
30 August 2014\r\n
\r\nOn 30 August 2014, Senegal\u2019s Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs provided WHO with details about a case of Ebola virus disease (EVD) announced in that country on 29 August.
\r\n\r\nWHO has also received details of the emergency investigation immediately launched by the Government. Testing and confirmation of Ebola were undertaken by a laboratory at the Institut Pasteur in Dakar.
\r\n\r\nThe case is a 21-year-old male native of Guinea, who arrived in Dakar, by road, on 20 August and stayed with relatives at a home in the outskirts of the city.
\r\n\r\nOn 23 August, he sought medical care for symptoms that included fever, diarrhoea, and vomiting. He received treatment for malaria, but did not improve and left the facility.
\r\n\r\nAfter leaving the facility, he continued to reside with his relatives. Though the investigation is in its early stages, he is not presently known to have travelled elsewhere.
\r\n\r\nOn 26 August, he was referred to a specialized facility for infectious diseases, still showing the same symptoms, and was hospitalized.
\r\n\r\nOn 27 August, authorities in Conakry, Guinea, issued an alert, informing medical services in Guinea and neighbouring countries, that a person, who was a close contact of a confirmed EVD patient, had escaped the surveillance system.
\r\n\r\nThat alert prompted testing at the Dakar laboratory, launched an investigation, and triggered urgent contact tracing.
\r\n\r\nWHO is treating this first case in Senegal as a top priority emergency. Key operational personnel were dispatched to Dakar today; others will follow.
\r\n\r\nThe Government of Senegal has informed WHO of the urgent need for epidemiological support, personal protective equipment, and hygiene kits. These needs will be met with the fastest possible speed.
\r\n\r\nWHO continues to monitor for reports of rumoured or suspected cases from countries around the world and systematic verification of these cases is ongoing. Countries are encouraged to continue engaging in active surveillance and preparedness activities.
\r\n\r\nWHO does not recommend any travel or trade restrictions be applied except in cases where individuals have been confirmed or are suspected of being infected with EVD or where individuals have had contact with cases of EVD. (Contacts do not include properly-protected health-care workers and laboratory staff.) Temporary recommendations from the Emergency Committee with regard to actions to be taken by countries can be found at:
\r\n![Map of the spread of Influenza A(H1N1): number of laboratory confirmed cases and deaths png, 171kb](\"https://www.who.int/entity/csr/don/Globalh1n1_20090629.png\"){kind=link}