Deadline: 14 November 2025
The resurgence of the yellow fever (YF) virus is driven by increased sylvatic exposure, human displacement, and immunity gaps, particularly among underserved and vulnerable population groups. Urbanization and forest encroachment, combined with the potential spread of Ae. aegypti - difficult to control - create conditions ripe for urban YF outbreaks. Furthermore, potential autochthonous transmission in low-risk areas with Ae. aegypti and populations lacking immunity can lead to severe epidemics.
Given the increasing threat of urban YF epidemics in areas with low vaccination coverage – and the associated risk of international spread – strengthening early detection and rapid response capacities is urgently needed. Effective risk mitigation requires tailored preparedness strategies and coordinated multisectoral response plans. Therefore, optimal planning for the prevention and control of urban YF outbreaks is a critical and immediate priority.
To support countries in preparing for urban YF outbreaks, and in alignment with the Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics (EYE) Strategy, WHO has developed a comprehensive handbook. The resource outlines targeted strategies based on each country’s risk classification, aimed at strengthening national preparedness and response capacities. Measures to prevent and control urban transmission are specifically adapted to the level of risk.
WHO is seeking multidisciplinary feedback on the draft handbook from public health experts, national authorities, EYE partners, and the scientific community to ensure its relevance and effectiveness in guiding urban YF preparedness planning.
Your comments on this draft can be submitted by email at EYE.Strategy@who.int using the form below:
Deadline for sending inputs : 14 November 2025
If you prefer working with Word documents (use of track changes), please contact us at EYE.Strategy@who.int.
The Internal Steering Committee will consider proposed revisions arising from the public consultation before the finalization of the handbook. The final version of the handbook will be made publicly available on the WHO website once it has been approved for publication.