Fifth WHO–UNODC Expert Consultation on New Psychoactive Substances Addressing the challenges of non‐medical use of opioids
Meeting report

Overview
The non‐medical use of opioids, both medicines and synthetic substances, is an increasing concern for law enforcement and public health authorities. Reports show that in some high‐income countries overprescribing of opioid medicines for the management of pain has led to increased rates of dependence and to a shift towards the use of more potent synthetic substances. At the same time, in low‐income countries, opioid medicines for the relief of pain and for the treatment of opioid dependence are not available for patients who need them.
Non‐medical use of opioid medicines has been reported in several regions of the world. In North America, fentanyl mixed with heroin or other drugs is driving the unprecedented number of overdose deaths. In Europe, heroin remains the main opioid of concern, but the non‐medical use of methadone, buprenorphine and fentanyl has also been reported. In countries in west and north Africa and the Near and Middle East, the non‐medical use of tramadol – an opioid medicine for the management of pain, which is not under international control – is emerging as a cause for concern.