Health Inequality Monitor
Explore health inequality monitoring evidence, tools, resources and training
Publications
Reports
Articles: Health inequalities evidence
Special issues
- Inequality in immunization Vaccines (2024) [Launch event]
- Inequality in immunization Vaccines (2023) [Launch event]
- COVID-19 and inequality International Journal for Equity in Health (2022) [Launch event]
- Monitoring health inequality in Indonesia Global Health Action (2018)
Immunization
- State of inequality in childhood immunization: monitoring progress across low- and middle-income countries over the past decade Vaccines (2026)
- Women's empowerment and gender-related factors associated with maternal tetanus protection in 39 low- and middle-income countries Vaccines (2025)
- Inequality in childhood immunization coverage: A scoping review of data sources, analyses, and reporting methods Vaccines (2024)
- Subnational inequalities in DTP immunization in 24 countries in the African Region Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2021)
- State of inequality in DTP immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries: a multicountry study of household health surveys The Lancet Global Health (2016)
COVID-19
- Within-country inequality in COVID-19 vaccination coverage: a scoping review of academic literature Vaccines (2023)
- Global state of education-related inequality in COVID-19 vaccine coverage, structural barriers, vaccine hesitancy, and vaccine refusal: findings from the Global COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey The Lancet Global Health (2022)
- Education-related inequalities in beliefs and behaviors pertaining to COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions International Journal for Equity in Health (2022)
- Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT and HEAT Plus): exploring inequalities in the COVID-19 pandemic era International Journal for Equity in Health (2022)
Reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health
- A composite index; socioeconomic deprivation and coverage of reproductive and maternal health interventions Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2024)
- Wealth-related inequalities in the coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions in 36 countries in the African Region Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2020)
- Measuring universal health coverage in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: An update of the composite coverage index PLoS One (2020)
- Are the poorest poor being left behind? Estimating global inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health BMJ Global Health (2020)
- Estimating family planning coverage from contraceptive prevalence using national household surveys Global Health Action (2015)
- Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2008)
Self-reported health and disability
- A global assessment of the gender gap in self-reported health with survey data from 59 countries BMC Public Health (2016)
- Socio-demographic patterns of disability among older adult populations of low-income and middle-income countries: results from World Health Survey International Journal of Public Health (2016)
- Socioeconomic inequality in disability among adults: a multicountry study using the World Health Survey American Journal of Public Health (2013)
Noncommunicable diseases and risk factors
- Socioeconomic inequality in smoking in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey PLoS One (2012)
Articles: Health inequality monitoring tools and resources
General
- Visualizing health inequality data: guidance for selecting and designing graphs and maps International Journal for Equity in Health (2025)
- Writing about health inequality: recommendations for accurate and impactful presentation of evidence International Journal for Equity in Health (2025)
- Strengthening and expanding health inequality monitoring for the advancement of health equity: a review of WHO resources and contributions International Journal for Equity in Health (2023)
- Health inequality monitoring: a practical application of population health monitoring (Book chapter) Population Health Monitoring (2018)
- National health inequality monitoring: current challenges and opportunities Global Health Action (2018)
- Promoting health equity: WHO health inequality monitoring at global and national levels Global Health Action (2015)
Capacity-building
- Health Inequality Monitoring channel on OpenWHO: capacity strengthening through eLearning International Journal for Equity in Health (2022)
- Building capacity for health equity analysis in the WHO South-East Asia Region WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health (2019)
- Capacity building for health inequality monitoring in Indonesia: enhancing the equity orientation of country health information system Global Health Action (2018)
Data sourcing
- WHO releases Health Inequality Data Repository The Lancet (2023)
- Data Resource Profile: World Health Organization Health Inequality Data Repository International Journal of Epidemiology (2023)
- Data source mapping: an essential step for health inequality monitoring Global Health Action (2018)
- Data Resource Profile: WHO Health Equity Monitor (HEM) International Journal of Epidemiology (2016)
Data analysis
- Making health inequality analysis accessible: WHO tools and resources using Microsoft Excel International Journal for Equity in Health (2024)
- Summary measures of health inequality: a review of existing measures and their application International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2022)
- Exploring the potential for a new measure of socioeconomic deprivation status to monitor health inequality International Journal for Equity in Health (2022)
- Measuring health inequalities in the context of sustainable development goals Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2018)
- Area-based units of analysis for strengthening health inequality monitoring Bulletin of the World Health Organization (2016)
- Monitoring subnational regional inequalities in health: measurement approaches and challenges International Journal for Equity in Health (2016)
Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT and HEAT Plus)
- Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT and HEAT Plus): exploring inequalities in the COVID-19 pandemic era International Journal for Equity in Health (2022)
- Health Equity Assessment Toolkit Plus (HEAT Plus): software for exploring and comparing health inequalities using uploaded datasets Global Health Action (2018)
- Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT): software for exploring and comparing health inequalities in countries BMC Medical Research Methodology (2016)