This section compares health R&D activities and performance across countries and relative to other criteria, such as the disease burden or investments allocated to health research.

R&D funding flows

• Benchmarking gross domestic R&D expenditure on health and medical sciences (health GERD) across countries against global targets
• Benchmarking official development assistance (ODA) for medical research, by recipient and by donor country

Standards for clinical trials practice

• Percent of clinical trials with retrospective registrations (enrollment year precedes registration year) (ICTRP-WHO)

• Investments on R&D for product development and publications volume compared to DALYs for neglected diseases