Transport strategies that prioritize rapid transit/public transport, and safe walking and cycling networks can support physical activity and reduce traffic injuries. These same strategies can also reduce emissions of carbon dioxide as well as short-lived climate pollutants such as black carbon (soot) – a major air pollutant. Sustainable transport systems and compact, connected cities, featuring “15-minute self-sufficient neighbourhoods” can benefit marginalized groups and promote walking and cycling. 

Significant health benefits can be realized if travel involves physical activity such as cycling to work. However, policies and infrastructure that improve access for one type of travel, particularly cars and motorcycles, may create barriers for those travelling by other modes (bus, bicycle, on foot, etc.)  

Transport impacts health equity by providing access to employment, education, health services, food choices and recreational opportunities. Women, older adults, children, persons with disabilities and lower income groups all have less access to private vehicles or public transit and may be more exposed to certain transport-related health risks. These same groups benefit most significantly from improved public and non-motorized transport, which enhances independent mobility and access to goods, services, employment and education. 

Sustainable transport strategies which mitigate climate change, and optimize social and economic benefits, need to be examined in light of potential health impacts. This section discusses key pathways by which transport affects health, providing an overview of the health co-benefits (and risks) of climate mitigation strategies in the transport sector. Tools for assessing, planning and financing low-emission transport systems are also reviewed.