Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH)
Including the Human Reproduction Special Programme (HRP)

Sexually transmitted infections research

More than 1 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired every day worldwide. STIs are spread predominantly by sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some STIs can also be spread through non-sexual means such as via blood or blood products. Many STIs—including syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, herpes, and HPV—can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth.

A person can have an STI without having obvious symptoms of disease. Common symptoms of STIs include vaginal discharge, urethral discharge or burning in men, genital ulcers, and abdominal pain.

More than 30 different bacteria, viruses and parasites are known to be transmitted through sexual contact. Eight of these pathogens are linked to the greatest incidence of sexually transmitted disease. Of these 8 infections, 4 are currently curable: syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis. The other 4 are viral infections which are incurable: hepatitis B, herpes simplex virus (HSV or herpes), HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms or disease due to the incurable viral infections can be reduced or modified through treatment.

Publications

All →
WHO global research 
priorities for sexually 
transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are widespread globally and negatively affect sexual and reproductive health. Gaps in evidence and in available...

Laboratory and point-of-care diagnostic testing for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV

This updated manual provides a basic understanding of the principles of laboratory and point-of-care (POC) testing in the context of screening and...

The diagnostics landscape for sexually transmitted infections

This document highlights the diagnostics available now to support scale-up and expanded access to screening to meet the growing testing demands in...

Journal articles

2025

Lewis DA, Lleo MM, Ndowa F, Sadiq T, Wi T. STI point-of care tests: a call for quality-assured evaluation, implementation, innovation, and investment in future technologies. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):805. Published 2025 Jun 17. doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11103-1

2024

Gottlieb SL, Spielman E, Abu-Raddad L, et al. WHO global research priorities for sexually transmitted infections. Lancet Glob Health. 2024;12(9):e1544-e1551. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00266-3

Chaiyakunapruk, N., Lee, S.W.H., Kulchaitanaroaj, P. et al. Estimated global and regional economic burden of genital herpes simplex virus infection among 15–49 year-olds in 2016BMC Global Public Health 2, 42 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-024-00053-6

Kularatne R, Blondeel K, Kasaro M, et al. Clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic tests at primary healthcare antenatal facilities in South Africa and Zambia. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(Suppl 1):600. Published 2024 Jun 19. doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09463-1

Blondeel K, Mirandola M, Gios L, et al. Sexual satisfaction, an indicator of sexual health and well-being? Insights from STI/HIV prevention research in European men who have sex with men. BMJ Glob Health. 2024;9(5):e013285. Published 2024 May 24. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013285

Sherriff N, Mirandola M, Silva R, et al. Independent clinic-based evaluation of dual POCTs for screening for HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men in Italy, Malta, Peru, and the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(Suppl 1):192. Published 2024 Feb 29. doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09019-3

2023

Bruni L, Albero G, Rowley J, et al. Global and regional estimates of genital human papillomavirus prevalence among men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(9):e1345-e1362. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00305-4

Stone J, Looker KJ, Silhol R, et al. The population impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) vaccination on the incidence of HSV-2, HIV and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: a mathematical modelling study. EBioMedicine. 2023;90:104530. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104530

Shipitsyna E, Kularatne R, Golparian D, et al. Mycoplasma genitalium prevalence, antimicrobial resistance-associated mutations, and coinfections with non-viral sexually transmitted infections in high-risk populations in Guatemala, Malta, Morocco, Peru and South Africa, 2019-2021. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1130762. Published 2023 Feb 22. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130762

2022 

Zhang Y, Goh SM, Mello MB, et al. Improved rapid diagnostic tests to detect syphilis and yaws: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2022;98(8):608-616. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2022-055546

Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Atkins K, Ferguson L, Baggaley R, Narasimhan M. PrEP distribution in pharmacies: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(2):e054121. Published 2022 Feb 21. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054121

ProSPeRo Network. Standardised protocol for a prospective cross-sectional multicentre clinical utility evaluation of two dual point-of-care tests in non-clinical settings for the screening of HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men. BMJ Open. 2022;12(6):e055275. Published 2022 Jun 8. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055275

Bertagnolio S, Thwin SS, Silva R, et al. Clinical features of, and risk factors for, severe or fatal COVID-19 among people living with HIV admitted to hospital: analysis of data from the WHO Global Clinical Platform of COVID-19. Lancet HIV. 2022;9(7):e486-e495. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(22)00097-2

2021

Otu A, Danhoundo G, Toskin I, Govender V, Yaya S. Refocusing on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) to improve reproductive health: a call to further action. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):242. Published 2021 Dec 1. doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01296-4

Murtagh M, Blondeel K, Peeling RW, Kiarie J, Toskin I. The relevance of target product profiles for manufacturers, experiences from the World Health Organization initiative for point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):187. Published 2021 Oct 27. doi:10.1186/s13690-021-00708-y

Vargas S, Calvo G, Qquellon J, et al. Point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections in low-resource settings. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28(7):946-951. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.052

Blondeel K, Dias S, Furegato M, et al. Sexual behaviour patterns and STI risk: results of a cluster analysis among men who have sex with men in Portugal. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e033290. Published 2021 Jan 22. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033290

2020

ProSPeRo Network. Standardised protocol for a prospective cross-sectional multicentre clinic-based evaluation of two dual point-of-care tests for the screening of HIV and syphilis in men who have sex with men, sex workers and pregnant women. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e044479. Published 2020 Nov 26. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044479


BMJ Open2019;9:e025808. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025808 - 22 June 2020

Chemaitelly H, Harfouche M, Blondeel K, et al. Global epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in infertile populations: protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2019;9(5):e025808. Published 2019 May 22. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025808

Toskin I, Govender V, Blondeel K, et al. Call to action for health systems integration of point-of-care testing to mitigate the transmission and burden of sexually transmitted infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2020;96(5):342-347. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054358

Toskin I, Bakunina N, Gerbase AC, et al. A combination approach of behavioural and biomedical interventions for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(6):431-434. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.238170

James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ. 2020;98(5):315-329. doi:10.2471/BLT.19.237149

Stephenson R, Metheny N, Goldenberg T, et al. Brief Intervention to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections and Unintended Pregnancies: Protocol of a Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9(3):e15569. Published 2020 Mar 10. doi:10.2196/15569

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