烟草和相关行业吸引年轻人的策略
2020年3月25日 | 问答全世界共有13亿烟草使用者。如果烟草未使半数使用者丧生的话,使用者人数会更多。每四秒就有一人被烟草夺去生命。几十年来,烟草行业的骗术和狡诈策略引诱一代又一代使用者使用尼古丁和烟草,推动了这一全球流行。这个价值几十亿美元的行业要补充新的烟草和尼古丁使用者,以便投资者尽可能多地获得利润回报,并保持其业务活力。烟草及相关行业越来越多地对儿童和青少年下手,采用广告策略,并用威胁其健康的新的产品组合来直接吸引他们。这些行业正在快速行动,推出现有产品和新产品,并千方百计在监管能赶上它们之前扩大市场份额。 烟草及相关行业继续反对循证措施,例如提高消费税和全面禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助,还威胁要对试图保护公民健康的政府采取法律行动。
在过去十年里,随着人们对烟草使用危害的认识不断提高,全球烟草控制工作力度加大,社会对烟草使用的接受度也在下降。这促使烟草行业重新考虑惯用的策略,以恢复其受损的声誉并赢得新一代使用者。
烟草行业做过精心研究、精心设计的尝试,试图重新设计产品并重塑产品品牌来维持盈利能力。该行业推出了卷烟过滤嘴和所谓的“淡味”和“柔和”烟草制品,作为戒烟的替代方案,使烟草使用者降低了对风险和危害的认识(1),并且破坏了有效的烟草控制政策(2)。如今,这种误导性营销仍在继续,业界倡导通过新产品(例如通常称为“电子烟”的电子尼古丁输送系统和电子非尼古丁输送系统)及加热烟草制品来减少危害。
电子烟常常被宣传为“风险降低”、“无烟雾”、“社会所接受”的消费品。这种促销策略有可能使吸烟重新正常化,并促使人们长期使用成瘾型尼古丁产品,与烟草一样,这种产品打着一种更健康替代品的幌子,无疑对消费者是有害的。烟草及相关产业利用了这一事实,即电子烟的长期健康影响尚未确立,在大多数国家尚未受到监管,使得它们能够绕过烟草广告禁令,并助长其产品在无烟环境中使用(2)。
一些制造商还往往将电子烟与加热烟草制品混为一谈,从而使潜在的消费者感到迷惑,并且使他们难以将烟草和非烟草制品区分开来。这种社会定位方法,再加上战略营销策略,在针对儿童和青少年采取行动时特别有效,并具有在全球维持青年尼古丁成瘾的潜力。
- 名人和意见领袖的认可。广告活动正越来越转向社交媒体平台,尼古丁和烟草行业也是如此。这些行业邀请在社交媒体上影响并吸引儿童和青少年的“意见领袖”担任“品牌大使”,或给予财政奖励来推销其产品(3, 4)。社会意见领袖有可能给受众留下更真实的产品促销印象(5),尤其是在帖子不公开赞助细节的情况下。
- 奖学金。烟草和电子尼古丁输送系统相关实体已经为中学生、大学生和研究生提供了奖学金(6, 7),有些要求申请人提交关于烟草危害和使用电子尼古丁输送系统的潜在好处的论文(8, 9)。
- 学校规划和青年营。烟草和电子尼古丁输送系统相关实体付钱给学校以获得在课堂内外发言的机会。它们还为夏令营提供赞助,以传播对电子尼古丁输送系统使用风险的错误认识,并假借推销传统烟草制品的“更安全替代品”的名义销售其产品(10)。
- 数字和社交媒体广告。随着智能手机的普及和经常访问互联网,尼古丁和烟草公司战略性地使用数字和社交媒体平台,包括通过它们青睐的应用程序和视频游戏(11, 12)影响年轻一代(2)。社交媒体平台允许使用者与营销功能互动,增加了儿童和青少年接触和受影响的机会(3)。这些平台还允许营销人员获取使用者及其朋友的个人详细资料,并有效针对潜在客户(13)。通过广告、促销和赞助禁令但尚未明确禁止跨境广告的国家很容易让本国青年接触来自其他国家的数字和社交媒体广告。2007-2016年期间,全世界有100多个与烟草公司相关的标签被浏览了超过250亿人次(4)。
- 在零售店里做精美的展示。学校附近的供应商经常被付费在其零售店里展示尼古丁和烟草制品,另外还有时尚的销售点展示板、精美的营销材料以及鲜艳夺目的烟盒来吸引年轻顾客(14)。摆放着各种能吸引年轻人的产品的时尚精美的零售空间现在也常常用于营销新产品和新型产品。
- 广告材料和产品与儿童视线齐平。在许多国家,尼古丁和烟草制品与儿童视线齐平,在出售玩具、电子产品、糖果、点心或汽水的商店附近也可以看到(14)。
- 吸引年轻人的调味剂。出售的烟草制品(例如无烟烟草和水烟)添加了甜味和水果味,这可能会加大对非吸烟者的吸引力并掩盖了苦涩的烟草味(15, 16)。迄今为止,研究人员确定了超过15 000种电子烟调味剂,包括经证实能吸引年轻人的调味剂,例如棉花糖和小熊软糖味(17)。添加香料制品的广告可能会增加吸引力,并鼓励儿童和青少年购买和试用尼古丁制品(18, 19)。这些调味剂可能会降低人们对尼古丁产品有害性和成瘾性的认识(20, 21)。
- 时尚的袖珍型设计。电子尼古丁输送系统和加热烟草制品被广泛宣传为具有简约设计的现代、高科技和高端生活方式产品,隆重高调的产品发布会将其刻画为精美而无害的产品。时尚的设计可能具有欺骗性、形状类似于USB闪存盘,并且很容易藏在年轻人手中。
- 卡通人物。一些电子尼古丁输送系统相关实体采用卡通和儿童喜爱的图像(例如独角兽)作为其产品的商标并推销甜味制品(22)。
- 在娱乐媒体中,例如电视和电影院中植入产品广告(23)。观看有吸烟镜头的电影和电视节目的儿童和青少年开始吸烟的风险增大(24)。在娱乐媒体中接触烟草制品或电子烟营销会影响儿童和青少年使用这些制品的意愿(25, 26)。
- 免费产品样品。尼古丁和烟草制品样本在交通流量大的地方,尤其是在年轻人经常光顾的场所,例如街角、购物中心、节日和音乐会上分发,以吸引新的消费者(27, 28)。在50多个国家里,有10%的13至15岁学生报告曾经得到过烟草公司代表分发的免费卷烟(29)。
- 带公司标识的商品。在120多个国家中,十分之一的13-15岁学生报告有一个带烟草公司标识的物品(29)。
- 单支卷烟。单支出售或以小包装出售卷烟提高了在校学生对烟草制品的可负担性和可及性(30)。开始尝试单支卷烟的年轻人未从接触烟盒上的健康警告中受益。近期在45个国家开展的调查发现,13-15岁的学生报告近期购买过单支卷烟,在某些国家,多达80%的学生报告购买过单支卷烟(14)。
- 一次性电子烟。选择试用并扔掉不同香味的电子液体,特别是因为初期费用较低,促使儿童和青少年使用一次性电子烟(31)。一些国家禁止对可重复充装的电子烟添加香料,儿童和青少年已转向一次性电子烟以继续使用添加香料制品(32)。
- 自动售货机。烟草自动售货机为年轻人提供了无需提供身份证明核实年龄便可获得烟草产品的便捷渠道。在某些国家,烟草自动售货机放置在年轻人经常光顾的地方,例如学校附近,还有精美的广告和包装展示(14)。
- 互联网销售。线上销售尼古丁和烟草制品为面向未成年人的销售提供了便利,特别是在没有年龄核实机制的地方(33)。线上销售还使得儿童和青少年能够购买监管可能不同的其他国家出售的产品(3, 34)。
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